One of the features of modern Jewish development is the communal organization rendered possible by the freedom of movement in religious, charitable and political activities. The Alliance Israélite Universelle deserves for this the first place. It was founded for the purpose of defending the interests of the Jews in countries of oppression and promoting their economic and moral as well as their intellectual status. This organization was followed by others with similar objects, the Israelitische Allianz of Vienna, started in 1873, the Anglo-Jewish Association, founded in 1871, and the Hilfsverein der deutschen Juden, in 1901. Of the many organizations confined to particular countries the Deutsch-Israelitischer Gemeinde-Bund, founded in 1869, and the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, established in 1873, deserve special mention. Very numerous are the societies created for the promotion of the welfare of the Jews, and aside from the local institutions, like hospitals, homes for the aged, orphan asylums and sanitariums, the societies for the promotion of mechanical trades and agriculture are distinctly a product of the Jewish conditions of the nineteenth century. Of organizations having a wider scope, the Jewish Colonization Association founded by Baron Moritz de Hirsch in 1891, has the greatest capital. These schemes of colonization, to which the work done by the Zionist organizations and that contemplated by the Jewish Territorial Organization founded in 1905, have to be added, are as yet only in their infancy. In general, however, since the French Revolution there has been a steady progress of Jewish life in all directions. INDEX Aaron ben Elijah, 43 Abarbanel, Isaac, 65 Abaje, 34 Abba Areka (Rab), 33 Abbahu of Cæsarea, 31 Abderrahman, 39 Abeles, Lazarus, 79 Abraham ibn Ezra, 49 Abramowitsch, Shalom Jacob, 102 Abulafia, Meir, 66 Acosta, Uriel, 76 Adereth Elijahu, 34 Adler, Samuel, 110 Ælia Capitolina, 22 Agobard, 38 Agrippa, 16, 17 — II, 17 Ahai of Shabha, 41 “Aharonim,” 86 Akedat Yizhak, 65 Akiba, 22, 25, 26, 27, 41 Albigenses, 63 Albo, Joseph, 59, 64 Alcharizi, Judah, 51 Alexander I, 96 — II, 96 — Jannai, 13 —, son of Aristobul, 14 — the Great, 8 —, successors of, 9 Alexandra Salome, 13 Alfasi, Isaac, 51, 66, 67 Algiers, Chief Rabbi of, 67 Alkabez, Solomon Halevi, 86 Alkymus, 12 Alliance Israélite Universelle, 106, 107, 111 Alorqui, Joshua, 59, 66 Alphonso X, 58 Alsace, 55, 58, 74, 93, 103 Ambrosius, 37 America, 83, 99, 100, 109, 110, 111 America, Early Jewish Communities in, 81, 82 American Revolution, 82 Amolo, 39 Amoraim, 31 Amram Gaon, 41 Amsterdam, 75, 76, 81, 82, 100 Anan ben David, 43 Anatoli, Jacob, 65 Anglo-Jewish Association, 111 Antigonus, 9 —, 14 Anti-Jewish books, 38, 39, 73, 79 Antiochus III, 9 — IV (Epiphanes), 9, 11 — V, 11 Antipater, 13, 14