The demand for the various earths and colours was considerable; such as the Melian, a fine white marl, used by artists frequently for communicating to green paint a pale hue;[1178] the Cimolian, by fullers;[1179] and the gypsum, employed occasionally by both. The Samian, being fat and unctuous,[1180] was eschewed by painters, though it found its place among the materia medica. Another article in much request was the argol, a beautiful moss,[1181] used both by painters and dyers; to which we may add the cinnabar[1182] and the kermes, used for dying scarlet; the Indian black,[1183] indigo, ultramarine, lamp and ivory black, painter’s soot, collected from glass furnaces,[1184] verdigris, ceruse, and minium, used in painting vases and clay statues.[1185] Other substances which sometimes entered into the materials of painters were, the sandarach[1186] and the orpiment, found in gold, silver, and copper mines, ochre, ruddle, and chrysocolla. Ruddle was successfully imitated by burnt ochre, the manufacturing of which was the invention of Cydias,[1187] who having observed that a quantity of ochre found in a house which was burnt down had assumed a red colour, profited by the hint, though the article thus produced was inferior to the natural. The Lemnian earth,[1188] having been mixed with goats’ blood, kneaded into small round pastilles, and stamped with the figure of a goat, was vended, partly as a medicine, partly to be used in sacrifice. In the same shops, doubtless, sealing-wax and ink were sold.[1189] The receipt for preparing the latter was as follows:[1190] to an ounce of gum they added three ounces of pine-torch or resin soot, or even that which was obtained from the glass furnaces, and used, as above observed, by painters. In this latter case, a mina of soot was mingled with a pound and a half of gum, and an ounce and a half of bull’s glue and copperas-water. An infusion of wormwood[1191] was sometimes used in the manufacture of ink, which preserved the manuscripts written with it from being gnawed by rats or other vermin. Another method was, to smear the parchment with saffron and cedar oil.[1192] ----- Footnote 1178: Dioscor. v. 180. Theoph. de Lapid. § 63. Footnote 1179: Dioscor. v. 176. Beckmann, iii. 245. Theoph. de Lap. § 62. Plin. xxxv. 56, seq. Footnote 1180: Theoph. de Lapid. § 62, seq. Plin. xxviii. 53. 77. xxxi. 46. Footnote 1181: Beckmann, i. 60. Footnote 1182: Dioscor. v. 109. Theoph. de Lap. 58. Footnote 1183: Beckmann, iv. 120. 111. 117. Footnote 1184: Dioscor. v. 182. Footnote 1185: Suid. v. κωλιάδος κεραμῆες, t. i. p. 1511. b. Paus. vi. 26. 11. Herodot. iv. 191. 194. vii. 68, who says, it was also used by certain people in painting their bodies. Footnote 1186: Dioscor. v. 122. 121. On the earths and ochres of the ancients, see Sir Humphrey Davy, in the Philosophical Transactions, 1815, pt. i. p. 97, seq. Footnote 1187: Theoph. de Lapid. § 53. Footnote 1188: