separation but to union; comparison with Frankish history 50 Nature of the Earldoms as affected by the Danish conquest; special position of Northumberland 50–51 The King’s Writs; light thrown by them on the condition of Folkland 52–53 General powers of the Witan not lessened 53 1040 Affairs of Scotland; reign and death of Duncan 53–54 1040–1058 Reign of Macbeth; his distribution of money at Rome 54–55 1039–1063 Affairs of Wales; reign of Gruffydd of North Wales 55–56 1039 His victory over Eadwine at Rhyd-y-groes 56 1042 His wars in South Wales and victory at Aberteifi 56 Eadward’s relations with foreign powers; his connexion with Germany 56 Claims of Magnus of Norway on the Crown of England 57 The reign of Eadward comparatively peaceful 57 § 3. _From the Coronation of Eadward to the Remission of the War-tax._ 1043–1051. 1043–1051 Character of the first nine years of Eadward 58 Relations between Eadward and his mother; probable offence given by Emma 58–61 November Witenagemót of Gloucester; Eadward and the Earls 16, 1043 despoil Emma of her treasure 61–62 Probable connexion of Emma with the partizans of 1043–1046 Swend; banishments of Osbeorn, Osgod Clapa, Gunhild, and others 62–64 April–Nov. Stigand appointed Bishop of the East-Angles and 1043 deposed 64–65 Importance of ecclesiastical appointments; mode of appointing Bishops; increased connexion with Rome; prevalence of simony 65–68 Siward Abbot of Abingdon appointed Coadjutor to 1044–1050 Archbishop Eadsige; he retires to Abingdon and dies 68–69 July 25, Death of Ælfweard, Bishop of London 1044 69 August 10, Restoration of Stigand; Robert of Jumièges Bishop of 1044 London 70–71 Baneful influence of Robert; his calumnies against Godwine; his connexion with the Norman Conquest 70–71 1044–1047 Condition of Northern Europe; war between Swend and Magnus; conduct of Godescalc 72–73 1044–1045 Magnus claims the English Crown; answer of Eadward; preparations against Magnus 73–74