[217] The letter is preserved in the MS. “Contribution Book” of the Liverpool Sailmakers’ Friendly Association, established 1817. [218] _Address of the National Association for the Protection of Labour to the Workmen of the United Kingdom_ (4 pp. 1830), in Home Office Papers, 40--27. [219] Given as Appendix to the pamphlet _On Combination of Trades_ (1830). Compare Wade’s _History of the Middle and Working Classes_ (1834), p. 277. [220] Thirty-one numbers, extending from March 6 to October 2, 1830, are in the Manchester Public Library (620 B). [221] The numbers from January to September 1831 are in the British Museum. See Place’s letter in _Westminster Review_ (1831), p. 243. [222] Home Office Papers, 40--26, 27. [223] Home Office Papers, April 8, 1831, 44--25. [224] _Union Pilot and Co-operative Intelligencer_, March 24, 1832 (Manchester Public Library, 640 E). [225] Meanwhile the coalminers of Northumberland and Durham, under the leadership of “Tommy Hepburn,” an organiser of remarkable ability, had formed their first strong Union in 1830, which for two years kept the two counties in a state of excitement. Strikes and riotings in 1831 and 1832 caused the troops to be called out: marines were sent from Portsmouth, and squadrons of cavalry scoured the country. After six months’ struggle in 1832 the Union collapsed, and the men submitted. See Home Office Papers for these years, 40--31, 32, &c.; Sykes’ _Local Records of Northumberland_, &c., vol. ii. pp. 293, 353; Fynes’ _Miners of Northumberland and Durham_ (Blyth, 1873), chaps, iv. v. vi.; _An Earnest Address and Urgent Appeal to the People of England in behalf of the Oppressed and Suffering Pitmen of the Counties of Northumberland and Durham_ (by W. Scott, Newcastle, 1831); _History and Description of Fossil Fuel_, etc. (by John Holland, 1835), pp. 298-304.