In this connection should be noted Chapter xix, on the “Culture of the Middle Ages,” with its subdivisions on “Mediæval Natural Science,” “Historical Knowledge in the Middle Ages,” “Abelard and the Universities,” “Supremacy of Aristotle in the Mediæval Universities,” “Scholasticism,” and “Roger Bacon and the Beginning of Modern Experimental Science.” Chapter xxii contains extracts illustrating the Renaissance in Italy, with subdivisions on the Italian despots (quoting from Machiavelli), “Humanism,” and the “Artists of the Renaissance.” Ogg devotes one of his concluding chapters (xxvi) to the “Beginnings of the Italian Renaissance,” in which he quotes from Dante and Petrarch. Questions. The following questions, gleaned from various sources, may serve the teacher as a guide in presenting some phases of the movement. In what respects were the Crusades responsible for the Renaissance? What is meant by the “revival of learning,” and through what agencies was it brought about? Trace the causes leading to the Renaissance and name four persons prominent in art or literature during this period. Set forth the limitations and the value of scholasticism and the meaning and results of the revival of learning. What contributions to the Renaissance movement were made by Italy, Germany and England respectively? State the part taken in promoting the Renaissance by Copernicus, Petrarch, Raphael and Erasmus. State some of the effects of the Renaissance as they appear (a) in government; (b) in literature and art; (c) in industries. Show a relation between the Renaissance and (a) the fall of Constantinople (1453); (b) the invention of printing; (c) the discovery of America; (d) the Protestant revolt. Discuss the accuracy of the following statements, mentioning the facts upon which you base your conclusion: a. The fall of Constantinople did not cause the Renaissance, but it did give a great impetus to it. b. Without the Renaissance the Reformation would not have occurred. FOOTNOTES: [2] Lodge. Close of the Middle Ages, pp. 518, 519. [3] November number, History Teacher’s Magazine. [4] The Italics are mine.--Editor. On this same point see also Adams, Civilisation during the Middle Ages, pp. 371-374. The quotation is from Symonds, A Short History of the Renaissance in Italy, p. 3. [5] Cunningham, Western Civilisation, Vol. II., p. 130. [6] In the Rucellai Chapel of Santa Maria Novella Florence. Ancient History in the Secondary School WILLIAM FAIRLEY, Ph.D., Editor. THE GLORY AND THE RUIN OF GREECE. With the work of the present month we come to a period of Greek history marked by the extreme of contrast. We are to study the crowning glories of Greece in the realm of mind, and her downfall on the side of political strength and success. Both facts should be emphasized. This section is specially well fitted for topical study. A series of such topics may well be as follows: