II. Following immediately upon this brief introductory study, which will take on added meaning as the course progresses, should come a study of what may properly be considered the central element of city life--the street. Here we can appeal directly to the pupil’s own experience and observation in a marked degree, and we are sure of his interest when the work is related so closely to his daily life. It is probably worth while to give a pretty full outline of the topics to be taken up in a study of the city street. The one which follows has been in successful use for several years in the High School of Commerce in New York, and naturally covers some points of slight importance in other cities. The Street the Central Element of City Life. (a) How streets are made. (b) To whom they belong. (c) Who pays for their improvement? (d) What they are used for and what they contain. 1. Roadways for traffic. 2. Sidewalks. 3. Gutters. 4. Sewers. 5. Water pipes. 6. Telegraph, telephone and electric light wires. 7. Car tracks. 8. Subways. 9. Gas pipes. 10. Conduits. A. Which of these belong to the city government? B. Who controls each of these? (Exact officials as found in city charter.) C. How these public utilities came to be in the streets. D. Franchises; what are they? The Street. (a) The proper arrangement of streets. (b) The defects of the local system as compared with that of other cities. (c) Why our street system was laid out as it is. (d) The surface of the street. 1. Paving. a. The various kinds, comparative advantages and costs. b. The importance of good paving to the business interests, as shown in transportation charges. c. Why the surface of the streets is not better, and who suffers from it. (1) Poor paving at the beginning, and the reason for it. (2) Constant tearing up of the streets and failure to replace properly. (3) Remedy for these evils. A. The conduit or subway. 1. Why we do not have it. 2. Additional evils resulting from its absence. a. Waste of gas. b. Waste of water. c. Difficulty of making repairs. d. Injury to health and vegetation. Poisonous gases. Uncleanliness. 2. The cleaning of the streets. a. Who has charge of it. b. What it costs. c. Why necessary. d. How the department is run. e. What is done with the refuse and what should be done. f. Duties of the householder. g. How we may keep the streets cleaner. h. The sprinkling of the streets. 1. By whom done. 3. The regulation of traffic. a. Who makes the regulations (ordinances, rules)? b. Who enforces them, such as the direction and speed of traffic?