[289] Honorius II in 1229 forbade it to be studied or taught in the University of Paris. Innocent IV published some years later a still more sweeping prohibition. [290] See Von Savigny, _History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages_, vol. iii. pp. 81, 341-347. [291] Charles the Bold of Burgundy was a potentate incomparably stronger than the Emperor Frederick III from whom he sought the regal title. [292] Cf. Sismondi, _Républiques Italiennes_, iv. chap. xxvii. [293] See Dante, _Paradiso_, canto vi. [294] 'Vieni a veder la tua Roma, che piange Vedova, sola, e di e notte chiama: "Cesare mio, perchè non m' accompagne?"' _Purgatorio_, canto vi. [295] _Purgatorio_, canto vii. [296] _Inferno_, canto xxxiv. [297] Not that the doctors of the civil law were necessarily political partisans of the Emperors. Savigny says that there were on the contrary more Guelfs than Ghibelines among the jurists of Bologna.--_Roman Law in the Middle Ages_, vol. iii. p. 80. [298] Cf. Palgrave, _Normandy and England_, vol. ii. (of Otto and Adelheid). The _Ordo Romanus_ talks of a 'Camera Iuliæ' in the Lateran palace, reserved for the Empress. [299] See notes to _Chron. Casin._ in Muratori, _S. R. I._ iv. 515. [300] Zu aller Zeiten Mehrer des Reichs. [301] _Novellæ Constitutiones_. [302] Marquard Freher. The question whether the seven electors vote as _singuli_ or as a _collegium_, is solved by shewing that they have stepped into the place of the senate and people of Rome, whose duty it was to choose the Emperor, though (it is naïvely added) the soldiers sometimes usurped it.--Peter de Andlo, _De Imperio Romano_. [303] Thus Charles, in a capitulary added to a revised edition of the Lombard law issued in A.D. 801, says, 'Anno consulatus nostri primo.' So Otto III calls himself 'Consul Senatus populique Romani.' [304] Francis II, the last Emperor, was one hundred and twentieth from Augustus. Some chroniclers call Otto the Great Otto II, counting in Salvius Otho, the successor of Galba. [305] See p. 45 and note to p. 143. [306] Nürnberg herself was not of Roman foundation. But this makes the imitation all the more curious. The fashion even passed from the cities to rural communities like some of the Swiss cantons. Thus we find 'Senatus populusque Uronensis.' [307] See Palgrave, _Normandy and England_, i. p. 379. [308] Æneas Sylvius, _De Ortu et Authoritate Imperii Romani_. [309] Thus some civilians held Constantine's Donation null; but the canonists, we are told, were clear as to its legality.