[310] 'Et idem dico de istis aliis regibus et principibus, qui negant se esse subditos regi Romanorum, ut rex Franciæ, Angliæ, et similes. Si enim fatentur ipsum esse Dominum universalem, licet ab illo universali domino se subtrahant ex privilegio vel ex præscriptione vel consimili, non ergo desunt esse cives Romani, per ea quæ dicta sunt. Et per hoc omnes gentes quæ obediunt S. matri ecclesiæ sunt de populo Romano. Et forte si quis diceret dominum Imperatorem non esse dominum et monarcham totius orbis, esset hæreticus, quia diceret contra determinationem ecclesiæ et textum S. evangelii, dum dicit, "Exivit edictum a Cæsare Augusto ut describeretur universus orbis." Ita et recognovit Christus Imperatorem ut dominum.'--Bartolus, _Commentary on the Pandects_, xlviii. i. 24; _De Captivis et postliminio reversis_. [311] Peter de Andlo, _multis locis_ (see esp. cap. viii.), and other writings of the time. Cf. Dante's letter to Henry VII: 'Romanorum potestas nec metis Italiæ nec tricornis Siciliæ margine coarctatur. Nam etsi vim passa in angustum gubernacula sua contraxit undique, tamen de inviolabili iure fluctus Amphitritis attingens vix ab inutili unda Oceani se circumcingi dignatur. Scriptum est enim "Nascetur pulchra Troianus origine Cæsar, Imperium Oceano, famam qui terminet astris."' So Fr. Zoannetus, in the sixteenth century, declares it to be a mortal sin to resist the Empire, as the power ordained of God. [312] Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini (afterwards Pope Pius II), _De Ortu et Authoritate Imperii Romani_. Cf. Gerlach Buxtorff, _Dissertatio ad Auream Bullam_. [313] It has hitherto been the common opinion that the _De Monarchia_ was written in the view of Henry's expedition. But latterly weighty reasons have been advanced for believing that its date must be placed some years later. [314] Suggesting the celestial hierarchies of Dionysius the Areopagite. [315] Quoting Aristotle's _Politics_. [316] 'Non enim cives propter consules nec gens propter regem, sed e converso consules propter cives, rex propter gentem.' [317] 'Reges et principes in hoc unico concordantes, ut adversentur Domino suo et uncto suo Romano Principi,' having quoted 'Quare fremuerunt gentes.' [318] Especially in the opportune death of Alexander the Great. [319] Cic., _De Off._, ii. 'Ita ut illud patrocinium orbis terrarum potius quam imperium poterat nominari.' [320] 'Si Pilati imperium non de iure fuit, peccatum in Christo non fuit adeo punitum.' [321] There is a curious seal of the Emperor Otto IV (figured in J. M. Heineccius, _De veteribus Germanorum atque aliarum nationum sigillis_), on which the sun and moon are represented over the head of the Emperor. Heineccius says he cannot explain it, but there seems to be no reason why we should not take the device as typifying the accord of the spiritual and temporal powers which was brought about at the accession of Otto, the Guelfic leader, and the favoured candidate of Pope Innocent III.