He gives to the decrees of Councils and to the canons the force of law, 250 Three leading principles in these enactments, 251 The State completely recognises the Church's whole constitution, 251 The episcopal idea thoroughly realised, 253 Concurrent action of the laws of Church and State herein, 254 Justinian further associated bishops with the civil government, 255 The part given to them in civil administration, 256 A system of mutual supervision in bishops and governors, 257 The branches of civil matters specially put under bishops, 259 The completeness and the cordiality of the alliance with the Church, 261 Which differentiates Justinian's attitude from that of modern governments, 262 In what Justinian was a true maintainer of the imperial idea, 264 The dark blot which lies upon Justinian, 267 How he passed from the line of defence to that of interference and mastery, 269 The result, spiritual and temporal, of Justinian's reign, 270 CHAPTER V. (XLVII.). ST. GREGORY THE GREAT. The state of Rome as a city after the prefecture of Narses, 272 Contrast of Nova Roma, 274 The Rome of the Church a new city, 275 St. Gregory's antecedents as prefect, monk, nuncio, and deacon of the Roman Church, 276 Elected Pope against his will. His description of his work, 278 And of the time's calamity, 279 The utter misery of Rome expressed in the words of Ezechiel, 281 Contrast between the language used of Rome by St. Leo and St. Gregory, 283 St. Gregory closes his preaching in St. Peter's, overcome with sorrow, 284 The works of St. Gregory out of this Rome, 285 The Lombard descent on Italy, 287 Rome ransomed from the Lombards, and Monte Cassino destroyed, 290 The Primacy untouched by the temporal calamities of Rome, 292 Its unique prerogative brought out by unequalled sufferings, 293 The new city of Rome lived only by the Primacy, 294 St. Gregory's account of the Primacy to the empress Constantina, 295 He identifies his own authority with that of St. Peter, 296 Writes to the emperor Mauritius that the union of the Two Powers would secure the empire against barbarians, 297