There is very little to say about the heroic period, and we cannot form
any complete picture of it. Homer describes only the life of the nobles,
but he does not tell us how they spent their time when they were not
fighting, though this was a very common occupation, owing to the
numerous feuds and predatory expeditions against their neighbours. It is
not likely that the princes and nobles spent all their time at festive
banquets, delighting in plentiful food and drink, and listening to the
songs of the bard, though there are many passages in Homer which might
lead us to suppose so. No doubt the pleasures of the feast and of wine
were held in very high estimation in the heroic period, yet serious and
respectable citizens can hardly have spent their whole day in luxurious
idleness, like the wooers of Penelope, who daily feasted at the expense
of others. Laertes, who, even in his old age, worked in his garden, was
far more typical of the Homeric noble, who was in reality only a landed
proprietor on a large scale, and devoted the greater part of his time to
agricultural pursuits, himself often taking active part in them. He was
also occupied with gymnastic exercises, and occasionally by political
duties, such as attendance at the popular assemblies which concerned the
interests of the country. But the great mass of the people, as opposed
to the few members of the nobility, occupied themselves chiefly with
agriculture and cattle rearing, and, to a small extent, with handicrafts
which were but slightly developed at this time, when many things were
imported from other countries, and others chiefly made at home. Of
course they all had to attend their Prince as vassals in case of war,
and in consequence there must have been military training for the lower
classes, even in time of peace. Apart, however, from military details,
we learn nothing from Homer about the life of these classes of society,
and very little about that of the nobility, for his description of the
life of the Phaeacians bears only a very partial analogy to Greek
circumstances at that time, since the poet desires to represent this
people as specially fortunate beyond others. We may, therefore, forsake
the misty domain of legend and turn to those ages which are enlightened
for us by writers, though even there we shall find many gaps unfilled.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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