But as in any individual case the exact condition is always a matter of doubt, _artificial respiration_ is the most valuable remedial measure we possess; it should always be practiced for hours in doubtful cases. Two tablespoonfuls of brandy or whisky in a cup of warm water may be injected into the bowel, if a hypodermic syringe is not available and the patient needs decided stimulation. CHAPTER III =Wounds, Sprains and Bruises= _Treatment of Wounds--Rules for Checking Hemorrhage--Lockjaw--Bandages for Sprains--Synovitis--Bunions and Felons--Foreign Bodies in the Eye, Ear and Nose._ =WOUNDS.=--A wound is a condition produced by a forcible cutting, contusing, or tearing of the tissues of the body, and includes, in its larger sense, bruises, sprains, dislocations, and breaks or fractures of bones. As ordinarily used, a wound is an injury produced by forcible separation of the skin or mucous membrane, with more or less injury to the underlying parts. _The main object during the care of wounds should be to avoid contamination with anything which is not surgically clean, from the beginning to the end of the dressing; otherwise, every other step in the whole process is rendered useless._ Three essentials in the treatment of wounds are: 1. The arrest of bleeding. 2. Absolute cleanliness. 3. Rest of the injured part. Dangerous bleeding demands immediate relief. Bleeding is of three kinds: 1. From a large artery. 2. From a vein. 3. General oozing. =BLEEDING FROM LARGE ARTERY IN SPURTS OF BRIGHT BLOOD.= _First Aid Rule 1.--Speed increases safety. Put patient down flat. Make pressure with hands between the wound and the heart till surgeon arrives, assistants taking turns._ _Rule 2.--If arm or leg, tie rubber tubing or rubber suspenders tight about limb between wound and heart, or tie strap or rope over handkerchief or folded shirt wrapped about limb. If arm, put baseball in arm pit, and press arm against this. Or, for arm or leg, tie folded cloth in loose noose around limb, put cane or umbrella through noose and twist up the slack very tight, so as to compress the main artery with knot._ _Rule 3.--Keep limb and patient warm with hot-water bottles till surgeon arrives._ This treatment is of course only a temporary expedient, as it is essential for a surgeon to tie the bleeding vessel itself; therefore a medical man should be summoned with all dispatch. =BLEEDING FROM VEIN; STEADY FLOW OF DARK BLOOD.= _First Aid Rule 1.--Make firm pressure with pad of cloth directly over wound, also with hands between wound and extremity, that is, on side of cut away from the heart._ _Rule 2.--Tie tight bandage about limb at this point, with rubber tubing or suspenders._ _Rule 3.--Keep limb and patient warm with hot-water bottles till surgeon arrives._