Definition--Materials Used in Construction--Levels of Trenches--Joints of Pipes--The Fall and Flow of the Contents--Connections--Tide Valves--Sewer Gas. VI. PLUMBING 189 Purposes and Requisites--Materials Used--Joints and Connections--Construction of Traps--Siphonage and Back Pressure--The Vent-pipe System. VII. PLUMBING PIPES 206 Construction of House Drains--Fall, Position, and Connection--Main Traps--Extension of Vertical Pipes--Fresh-air Inlets--Soil and Waste Pipes--Branch Pipes, etc. VIII. PLUMBING FIXTURES 216 Sinks--Washbasins--Washtubs--Bathtubs--Refrigerators, etc.--Safes and Wastes--Pan, Valve, and Hopper Closets--Flush Tanks--Yard Closets--Drains. IX. DEFECTS IN PLUMBING 231 Poor Work--Improper Conditions--How to Test Traps, Joints, and Connections--Detect Sewer Gas--Water-pressure, Smoke, and Scent Tests--Special Appliances. X. INFECTION AND DISINFECTION 238 Physical and Chemical Disinfectants--Use of Sulphur Dioxide--Formaldehyde--Hydrocyanic Acid--Chlorine--Carbolic Acid--Bichloride of Mercury--Formalin--Potassium Permanganate, etc. XI. COST OF CONVEYED HEATING SYSTEMS 254 Cost of Hot-air Systems--Cast-iron Hot-water Heater--Advantages and Disadvantages--Cost for a Ten-room House--Steam Heating--Cost of Equipment. _The Editor's Preface_ The character and scope of this volume render it a most useful book for the home maker. The question of sanitation is one that closely affects the life of each individual, and many of its aspects are treated here in a lucid and comprehensive manner. Designed for wide distribution, these articles have been written to meet the needs of the dweller in the more densely populated communities, as well as those living in the less thickly settled portion of the country. In large cities the water supply is a problem that is cared for by regularly constituted sanitary authorities. Pure water is a vital necessity, but the inhabitant of a city has no need to personally concern himself with the source of supply. In the country, however, the home builder must often decide the matter for himself, and it is the aim of this book to give him the needed directions for avoiding many errors and pitfalls that abound in this direction. House construction, with its intricate problems, is also a more serious matter for the country dweller than for his city brother.