[452] _Vide Preamble and Constitution_ of the W. I. I. U. (1915), pp. 3-4. [453] _Syndicalisme révolutionnaire et syndicalisme réformiste_, pp. 13-14. [454] _Revolution and Counter-Revolution_ (2nd ed., 1904), pp. 109-10. [455] _Cf. infra_, ch. xiii, where the controversy at the seventh and eighth conventions between the "Centralizers" and the "Decentralizers" is described. [456] DeLeon, _Industrial Unionism_ (New York: N. Y. Labor News Co., 1918), pp. 8-9. [457] The author wishes to take this opportunity to express his indebtedness to Emil J. Kern, of the Socialist Labor party, for many suggestive ideas, especially in connection with the DeLeon-St. John controversy. Whatever merit there may be in the above comparison is due to him. On the second point, however, Mr. Kern simply states that the difference was merely a difference of views in regard to _stealing_. St. John, he says, approved of it. (Not per se, of course, but because, as he assumed--[on Kern's hypothesis], it helped the interests of the workers.) DeLeon disapproved of it, not on moral grounds, but for the reasons given above in paragraph 2. The author does not know whether St. John approves of stealing or not. Some color may be given to Mr. Kern's contention by the charges which were circulated in Goldfield, Nev., that the W. F. M. sanctioned the wholesale stealing of ore by its members. _Cf. supra_, p. 198. and E. J. Kern, "Socialism and Direct Action" (_San Francisco Labor Clarion_, May 31, 1912). [458] Louis Levine, "The Development of Syndicalism in America," _Political Science Quarterly_, vol. xxviii, p. 474 (Sept., 1913). This is perhaps the best short record and general description of the career of the I. W. W. as a whole. [459] Herman Richter, private correspondence, March 30, 1912. [460] Private correspondence, Oct. 23, 1911. [461] _Weekly People_, Aug. 22, 1914, p. 2, col. 2. [462] "Some Preamble History," _Voice of the People_ (Los Angeles), Oct. 30, 1913, p. 3, col. 3. [463] Louis Fraina, "DeLeon," _The New Review_, July 1914, p. 391. This excellent portrayal of DeLeon's personality and achievements as well as the rôle he played in the I. W. W. and the socialist movement in general makes it unnecessary to attempt more than the briefest comment here. [464] Fraina, _op. cit._, p. 397. [465] _Cf._ Hillquit, M., _History of Socialism in the United States_ (5th ed.), pp. 294-301. "The disintegration of the Socialist Labor party." [466] "The Coming Labor Union," _Miners' Magazine_, vol. vii, no. 122, Oct. 26, 1905, p. 13. [467] "The Socialist Party and the Trade Unions," _The Worker_ (New York), July 28, 1906. Reprinted in the _Miners' Magazine_, Aug. 30, 1906, p. 9. [468] Fraina, "DeLeon," _New Review_, July, 1914, vol. ii, p. 390. [469] _Ibid._, p. 394. [470] "DeLeon," _New Review_, vol. ii, p. 398 (July, 1914). [471] _The World_ (New York), February 4, 1919, p. 2, col. 1. Reprinted in the _Liberator_, March, 1919. p. 6.