The Heidelberg race was followed by the Neanderthal race, which entered Europe probably from Africa. All the physical features of Neanderthal man (Fig 31), unite in constituting him a “distinct species of man.” Though he bore in his body the obvious marks of his simian origin—heavy, overhanging eyebrows, a markedly retreating forehead, large jaws and a diminutive chin—he nevertheless possessed a signal advantage over every earlier race of creatures. He had a large head, and in the cavern of his skull he carried the largest and best brain that had so far appeared in Europe. In stature, the Neanderthal man was short, broad shouldered, stocky; his arms and legs were muscular and powerful and his hands large. [Illustration: FIG. 26.—A FEMALE GORILLA. The gorilla is the largest of the man-like apes. It is distinguished from the other anthropoids by its small thumb, small ears, elongated head, a deep groove alongside the nostrils and other features. The gorilla is a black animal whose home is in West Equatorial Africa. The outstanding great toe of the gorilla and the other anthropoid apes is found, though in a less pronounced condition, among savage tribes of Asia. See the photograph of “One of the ‘Monkey Men’” in an article on the Malekula tribes in “Asia, The American Magazine On The Orient,” for June, 1921. Of this savage, Mr. Martin Johnson, the Asiatic explorer, says: “He could grasp a branch with his great flat feet as easily as I could with my hands.”] The Neanderthal people spread over Croatia, Austria, Hungary, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, France and England; and in the soil of all those countries, buried now in some places to a depth of forty feet below the actual surface, they left millions of imperishable memorials of their handiwork—weapons and tools made from chipped flint and other kinds of stone—sharp weapons for throwing and cutting, and tools for dressing skins and shaving wood. Contemporary with this early race in the wilds of Europe, were the hippopotamus and rhinoceros, the cave bear and hyena, the woolly mammoth, the giant deer, the bison, the sabre-toothed tiger and other long since extinct creatures. These the Neanderthals hunted, eating their flesh, splitting the larger bones for the marrow, opening the skulls for the brains, making anvils of the large, flat bones, and in the cold winters clothing themselves with the skins. This and more is evidenced to-day by the numerous bones of these animals which are found associated with the tools which Neanderthal man used at least 200,000 years ago. Turning their attention to art, these people made drawings on bones and stones of various animals and human beings. The human forms are always represented in the nude, and it is noteworthy that they invariably show signs of being covered with hair. [Illustration: FIG. 27.—MALE GIANT GORILLA. Killed by H. Paschen, at Yaunde, in the interior of the Cameroons, and stuffed by Umlauff.]