Removed by Operation by Dr. Granville Harrison, in 1901. “A great number of such cases,” says Haeckel, “are given by Max Bartells in his essay on ‘Tailed Men,’ 1884.”] Every human being carries the rudiment of an ancestral tail, the coccyx, at the base of his spine. In the human embryo, the very muscles for wagging this tail are still found. In adult man, these muscles are represented, as a rule, by bands of fibrous tissue. Occasionally, however, the dissecting surgeon finds these muscles well developed in the body of a man or woman. Science says that evolution alone can explain this lingering relic of a tail, with its attendant muscles, in the human body. This brings us to another line of evidence, which proves the truth of evolution—the presence of rudimentary organs. Fig. 38 shows the vermiform appendix in the orang, in man, and in the babe before birth. It is much larger in the ape than in man. Man has inherited it from his ape-like ancestors, and while it serves no purpose in his body, its infection is the source of the frequently fatal disease, appendicitis. Then there are the rudimentary muscles of the ear (Fig. 39). In our remote progenitors these muscles were developed, and with them they could move their ears. Monkeys move their ears, though not with the facility characteristic of horses and dogs. Occasionally a man is found who can move his ears as we move the skin of the forehead. But in the anthropoid apes and in most men these muscles are inoperative. Through disuse they have become rudimentary. When the ancestors of these apes and men began to assume the erect posture, they also began to turn their heads, instead of their ears, in the direction of sound. As the erect posture was improved, the turning head answered with increasing loyalty the call of the sound waves, and after innumerable ages of comparative rest and disuse, the ear muscles dwindled into their present impotence. Here, again, evolution alone explains the facts. [Illustration: FIG. 38.—THE VERMIFORM APPENDIX IN THE ORANG, IN MAN, AND IN THE HUMAN FOETUS.] Moreover, the whole external ear is a rudimentary organ—a structure that has outlived its function. The male breasts point to a time when the father as well as the mother suckled the young. In some men the breasts are as well developed as in women and supplied with milk, and in many known instances babes have been suckled at these male breasts. Again, in some women and occasionally in men, two or more pairs of breasts appear—a fact which plainly shows that man has descended through humbler forms of life. Still another rudimentary organ is the nictitating membrane—the little fleshy pad at the inner corner of the eye—the relic of a third eyelid that our ancestors in the dim past flashed across the eyeball as the turtle and the eagle do to-day.