their eyes; there was too much realism displayed by the Indians in their choice of materials to mark that particular historic spot. It was the same as if the Allies had used German skulls instead of helmets to celebrate their victories! The Indians also had a habit of marking the spots near where they scalped white victims, their method being to sink a tomahawk into the branches or trunk of a large tree for every white man scalped. Peter Grove, the Ranger, tells of surprising an Indian scalping party asleep under a giant oak on the banks of Sinnemahoning Creek, in what is now Grove Township, Cameron County. On a branch which overhung the stream nine tomahawks were imbedded. Another method was to cut a nick or blaze in the tree, and the white men went them one better by “nicking” their rifles and pistols. The venerable W. H. Sanderson, who resides near Mill Hall, Clinton County, says that he recalls that the rifle belonging to his grandfather, the noted scout and scalp-hunter, Robert Couvenhoven, who died in 1846, had thirteen nicks on the stock. It is generally supposed that Couvenhoven slew at least twice that number of redskins, as the bounty on Indian scalps was around $150 for an adult male and $50 for females and children, but he may have changed rifles as time went on. As Indians became scarcer and bounty funds non-available, the early white hunters adopted some of their tactics by blazing trees where they had made a big general killing of game or else some particularly large elk or bear. They also nicked their rifles to mark the number of deer put to sleep. It was these sanguinary forms of human achievement which seemed alone worthy of commemoration in the bold life of the frontier. Little care was taken to distinguish the graves of the dead, at first a heap of stones to keep off wolves, later a stake, a shingle or a chunk of rough mountain stone seemed enough to mark the last resting places of the departed. In fact, there was an awful vacuum of nearly a century before marking historic spots came back into vogue in Pennsylvania, when there were no battles or butcheries, or big game slaughters worthy of perpetuation. Even the Civil War did not kindle the spirit of statues, markers and monuments to Pennsylvanians at once, not until other States began erecting monuments at Gettysburg, and then Pennsylvania lagged lamentably. However, when at length the historic spirit was kindled the fervor of the people have exceeded all bounds. Pennsylvania is fast becoming the State of Memorials, and most of them are well worth while. Apart from the magnificent statues and other memorials at Gettysburg, Civil War heroes are remembered in all the cities of the State. Individual efforts, or local skirmishes are also fittingly commemorated like the “high water mark” of General Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg, and the “Furthest East” memorial at Wrightsville, formerly Dagonoga, where the Pennsylvania Volunteers held back General Gordon’s