Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. See 52971-h.htm or 52971-h.zip: (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/52971/52971-h/52971-h.htm) or (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/52971/52971-h.zip) Transcriber’s note: Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). _The National Park Service is dedicated to preserving the scenic, scientific, and historic heritage of the United States for the benefit and enjoyment of its people. Help protect your Park from its new exotic the “LITTERBUG.”_ [Illustration: At work] THE INDIANS OF CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK by JACK R. WILLIAMS Cover by Phyllis Freeland Broyles CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements 2 The Indians of Carlsbad Caverns National Park 5 Early Man 9 The Carlsbad Basketmakers 10 The Mescalero Apaches 25 The Comanches 34 Bibliography 38 Footnotes 38 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This booklet was prepared as an elementary basis for those interested in the Indians of this section. It is far from complete but if it answers only one question—the effort was well spent. It is rare that research into any subject is done alone. This is no exception, for many are responsible in their contributions. First, without the help, comments and criticism of Erik Reed this paper would have been nought. Then thanks must go to Charlie Steen and Stanley Stubbs for their pottery identification which helped establish the various time phases. The persons listed in the bibliography represent the true basis of learning and I unhesitatingly refer one and all to them. To Lynn Coffin for his encouragement and comments, grateful acknowledgement is made. To Bob Barrel for his help—talk, photos and all—thanks are extended. Especial thanks must go to Mary Pauline Smith for taking care of the grammatical errors as well as typing the manuscript. And, to Phyllis Broyles for her art work. The map, head sketches and photos not credited are by the author. This is dedicated to my wife, Marie. Copyright 1956 by Jack R. Williams, Carlsbad, New Mexico [Illustration: _Map showing distribution of Indian groups_] [Illustration: _Natural entrance to the Carlsbad Caverns_] THE INDIANS OF CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK