Alfred, 4, 5 Allowance system of relief, 188 American War, 170 Anglo-Saxon trade, 3 Antwerp, 59, 95; decay of, 97 Apprentices, in gilds, 29; in factories, 179, 181 Arable land in a manor, 6, 20 Arch, Joseph: his work, 207, 208 Aristocracy: feudal, 32; land-owning, 143, 198 Arkwright’s inventions, 159 Artisans: mediæval, 29; modern, 174, 190, 221; wages of, 71, 79, 120, 150, 162, 174, 187, 195; Huguenot, 134, 135 Assessments of wages, 107, 119, 187 Aston, manor of, 12 Australian colonies, 216, 225, 229 Aviation, 236 Bailiffs’ Accounts, 18, 42 Baltic trade, development of our, 99 Bank of England, 144, 173, 223 Barons’ wars, 31 Beaconsfield, 227 Beggars (Defoe’s remark), 149 Berlin decree, 173 Birmingham, 152 Black Death. _See_ Great Plague Blincoe, Robert, on factories, 181 Bodmin, staple for tin, 92 Bombay, 123, 127 Bordars, 12 Boston, port, 64 Boulton’s inventions, 165 Bounties on corn, 200 Bradford, 161, 163, 183 Bread, wheat, 68, 150; price of, 150 Brickmaking, 105, 142 Bristol, 23, 39, 64 Britain in Roman times, 1, 2 Bruges, 95; staple at, 59 Burslem, 140 Bye industries, 155 Calais, our staple town, 59 Cambridge, coal at, 138 Canada, 125, 128, 216, 229 Cape Colony, 216, 230 Capital, 223 Capital in agriculture (A. Young), 115; to-day, 205; loss of farmers’, 203 Capitalist agriculture, 42; cessation of, 73; artisans, 147; manufacturers, 147, 174, 176 Capitalist manufacture, epoch of, 162; present system of, 219 Capitalists and workmen, 221, 222; the coming of, 146, 162; mistakes of (Mercantile Theory), 168 Captains of industry, 218 Cartwright’s inventions, 160 Carucate of land, 16 (_note_) Castles, growth of towns near, 23 Cattle in mediæval times, 44; improvements in breed of, 114 Census, 237 Chamberlain, 228 Champaign land, 43 Charlemagne, commercial treaty with, 5 Charles I. and coal trade, 137 Charter, the Great, 34 Charters of towns, 25, 28; of companies, 98 Chartism, 191 Cheese, consumption of, 151 Chester a Roman town, 2, 24 Chinese wars, 217 Cistercian monks wool-growers, 42, 49 Civil Service, 226 Civil War in England, its effect, 134 —— in America, 217 Climate, our, useful for manufactures, 133 Closes, 21, 43 Cloth trade, 54, 55, 135. _See_ Manufactures Clover, introduction of, 113 Coal trade, 136, 137; influence on manufactures, 164 and _map_ Cobbett, 175 Cobden, 201, 215 Colonies, our, 122, 128, 167, 170, 215 Combination Laws, 189, 190; power of, 221; of workmen, 191; Combination of peasants in the Peasants’ Revolt, 76, 78 Commerce, early, 4; our first treaty of, 5. _See_ Trade Commerce and war, 121–129, 169, 216 Commercial progress, 129; depressions, 218, 225 Common fields, 8, 20; enclosure of, 116, 199; pasture, 20 Communal land, 8, 43 Commutation of services for money payments, 16, 41, 74 Companies, formation of trading, 98, 129, 212 Company, East India, 98; Levant, 129; Hudson’s Bay, 131