Competition, appearance of, 92; checked by feudalism, 32; foreign, 209, 220; modern, 219 Condition of the people. _See_ Wages and Artisans and Agricultural labourers Conquest, England after Norman, 37, 39 Continental War, 171, 195 Co-operation, growth of, 221 Corn Laws, 200, 201, 215; Repeal of, 186, 201, 227 Cort’s inventions, 165 Cottars, 12 Cotton manufacture, 164 Counties, Eastern, cloth trade in, 57, 135, 163; Northern, desolation of in mediæval times, 38; Northern, shifting of population to, 163, and _map_; Southern most populous, 11, 37, 152 Craft gilds, 27, 29 Crisis (United States), 225 Cromwell’s commercial wars, 123 Crusades, 26, 33 Currency, debasement of, 86 Cuxham manor, 17, 18 Dairy Farming, 210; dairyman, 43 Debasement of currency, by Henry VIII., 86 Defoe, references to his _Tour_, 64, 145, 148 Demand for labourers after Great Plague, 71 Discoveries of Columbus and others, 89 Dissolution of monasteries, 84 Distress of working classes after 1815, 174, 192 Distribution of wealth before Industrial Revolution, 153, 156 Domesday Book, its historical value, 10; condition of England as shown in, 11, and _map_; towns in, 24; manors in (Cuxham and Aston), 16, 17; population in, 12, 13 Drawbacks of mediæval life, 79, 80 _Dreadnought_, 227 Dutch, agricultural improvements due to, 105, 110; other improvements, 140; wars with (Cromwell’s), 123, 130; carrying trade once in hands of, 130 Dyeing, 55, 133 Earthquakes, 224 East, development of trade with, after Crusades, 33; in James I.’s reign, 129 East India Company, 98, 127, 145, 216 Eastern counties, manufactures in, 57, 135, 163 Economic folly, 170, 203, 211 Economics, importance of, in history, 238 _Economist_, 226 Edward I. and Edward III., usefulness of wool to them, 49; their alliances with Flanders, 49 Edward III. and Statute of Labourers, 71; and manufactures, 53 Edward VI. and the Hansa in London, 95 Eight Hours’ Movement, 186, 235 Elizabethan England, 100–109; sea-captains, 97, 122 Emancipation of villeins, 74 Employers, capitalist, 67, 146, 192, 221; their assessments of wages, 107 Enclosures, 46, 116 England before Norman Conquest, 1–9; after it, 11, 37; in Middle Ages, 68, 81; in Elizabeth’s reign, 100; modern, 211 _sqq._; a commercial power, 121 England and other nations’ wars 216 Estone manor, 16 Expenditure, public increase of, 226 Export of corn, 200 Exports in Roman times, 2; in 12th century, 33; of wool, 36, 48, 51, 92; exports in 15th century, 92, 96; later, 103, 130, 131, 132, 166, 174, 212 Factories set up, 161 Factory Acts, 181–185 Factory children, 179, 182 Factory system, germs of, 66; growth of, 176–181, 186 Fairs, 53, 61–63 Famine of 1315, 70 Farmers, losses of, 209 Fens, the, 38; drainage of, 111 Feudal system, 8; effects of, 31 “Firma Burgi,” the, 25 Flanders, its manufactures, 48, 52; our trade with, 95, 132, 169 Flemish weavers in England, 36, 37, 53, 103 Foreign competition, 134, 209, 216, 220