Pauperism, 100, 192, 193, 232 Peasants’ Revolt, 78 Petition, the Merchants’, in 1820, 213 Pigs, 45 Pitt, 171 Plague, the Great, 70; its effects, 71, 73 Ploughing, 44 Politics and industry, 49, 55, 144, 175, 222 Poor Law Commission Report, 233 Poor Laws, the, 107, 188. _See_ Allowance and Assessments Poor priests, the, 76 Population of England, 37, 41, 108, 151, 162 Ports, mediæval, 64 Post Office, 226 Pottery trade, 140 Prices after the Plague, 72; mediæval, 80; later, 90, 112, 174, 202; inflation of, 90, 225 Productiveness of land, 41 Protectionism, 169, 216, 227, 237 Protestant refugees to England, 97, 103, 110, 134 Railways, 214, 224 Reforms, needed agricultural, 210 Rent, mediæval, 15, 22 Rent, rise of, 88, 112, 118, 119, 204, 224 Restrictions on labour, 189 Revolution, the Industrial, 144 _sqq._, 157, 161, 164, 190; the French, 157, 171, 190; the Agricultural, 158, 206 Rights of villeins, 13, 43 Rush for new markets, the, 219 Salt, 142 Seamen, the Elizabethan, 91, 97 Serfs, 13 Services due to a lord, 14, 15 Settlement, law of, 189 Shaftesbury, Lord, 183 Sheep, 45 Sheep farming, 46 Sheffield, 58, 152 Silver, discoveries of, 90 Sixteenth century, changes of, 88, 90 Slave, 13; in modern England, 179 Small Holdings, 232 Smith, Adam, 150, 189 Social movements, 68, 75, 142, 146, 190 Social comforts, 105 Soke-men, 15 South Africa, 225, 229 Southampton, 25, 64 South Sea and other Companies, 125 Spain and England, 121, 126, 167 Speenhamland Act, 188 Staple towns, 59 Steam and machinery, 160 Steamers, 214, 236 Steelyard, the, 94 “Stock and Land Lease,” the, 42, 85 Stourbridge fair, 63 Strikes, 235 Taff Vale Case, 234 Tax on wool, 49, 50 Taxation, 174, 232 Telegraphs, 214 Telegraphy, wireless, 236 Telephone, 236 Ten Hours’ Bill, 185 Tenants of a manor, 11; free tenants, 15 Town, life in a mediæval, 30 Towns: in Domesday, 11; origin of, 21; growth in England, 23; charters of, 25; mediæval, 58; staple, 56 Township, 7 Toynbee, Arnold, 186 Trade, Anglo-Saxon, 3, 4, 5; later, 33; expansion of, 91–99, 103, 125, 129, 131, 173, 212, 224 Trade Unions, 191, 207, 221, 231, 233 Trading clauses in the Great Charter, 34 Transit, means of, 214, 224 Truck Act, 194 Trusts, 237 Tyler’s Revolt, 78 Unemployment, 230 United States, 225, 228 Venetian Fleet, the, 63, 93 Village, a mediæval, 19; industrial, 65 Villeinage, land in, 20 Villeins, 13, 41, 68; emancipation of, 74, 79 Virgate, 12 Wage-earning class, rise of, 40, 69 Wages, 71, 79, 106, 119, 120, 150, 174, 195, 206, 220, 224, 230 Walter de Henley on farming, 42, 44 War, South African, 225, 230 War, the Thirty Years’, 134; the Continental, 171, 195 —— cost of, 173 Wars and industry, 81, 122–129, 134, 166, 167–175, 216, 224 “Waste,” the, 6, 20 Watt’s inventions, 138, 160, 165 Weavers’ gilds, 29, 54 Wedgwood, 141 Wheat, prices of, 174, 195, 200, 203; and _see_ Wages Wiklif, 75 Winchester fair, 62