Animals naturally provided with dwellings--Animals who increase their natural protection by the addition of foreign bodies--Animals who establish their home in the natural or artificial dwellings of others--Classification of artificial shelters--Hollowed dwellings--Rudimentary burrows--Carefully-disposed burrows--Burrows with barns adjoined--Dwellings hollowed out in wood--Woven dwellings--Rudiments of this industry--Dwellings formed of coarsely-entangled materials--Dwellings woven of flexible substances--Dwellings woven with greater art--The art of sewing among birds--Modifications of dwellings according to season and climate--Built dwellings--Paper nests--Gelatine nests--Constructions built of earth--Solitary masons--Masons working in association--Individual skill and reflection--Dwellings built of hard materials united by mortar--The dams of beavers. CHAPTER VII. THE DEFENCE AND SANITATION OF DWELLINGS General precautions against possible danger--Separation of females while brooding--Hygienic measures of Bees--Prudence of Bees--Fortifications of Bees--Precautions against inquisitiveness--Lighting up the nests. CHAPTER VIII. CONCLUSION Degree of perfection in industry independent of zoological superiority--Mental faculties of the lower animals of like nature to Man's. APPENDIX INDEX THE INDUSTRIES OF ANIMALS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. THE NATURALISTS OF YESTERDAY AND THE NATURALISTS OF TO-DAY--NATURAL HISTORY AND THE NATURAL SCIENCES--THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION--THE CHIEF INDUSTRIES OF MAN--THE CHIEF INDUSTRIES OF ANIMALS--INTELLIGENCE AND INSTINCT--INSTINCTIVE ACTIONS ORIGINATE IN REFLECTIVE ACTIONS--THE PLAN OF STUDY OF THE VARIOUS INDUSTRIES. _The naturalists of yesterday and the naturalists of to-day._--The study of animals, plants, rocks, and of natural objects generally, was formerly called "natural history"; but this term is tending to disappear from our vocabulary and to give place to the term "natural sciences." What is the reason of this change, and to what does it correspond? for it is rare for a word to be modified in so short a time if the thing designated has not itself varied.