[11] _Ibid._ 8. "The objects of the [Greek: eranoi] were of the most varied description; ... associations of this kind were very common in the democratic states of Greece, and to this class the numberless political and religious societies, corporations, unions for commerce and shipping, belonged." Boeckh, _Public Economy of Athens_, p. 243. [12] Grote, _Hist. of Greece_, Vol. VI. p. 247, n. 1, where several interesting parallels with the Mediaeval Gilds will be found. (Cf. also infra, p. 34, note 2.) [13] E. Hatch, Bampton Lectures, Lect. II. notes. [14] Cunningham, p. 124. [15] Cf. _Die kloesterlichen Gebets Verbruederungen bis zum Ausgange des Karolingischen Zeitalters_, von Dr Adalbert Ebner. Similar spiritual confederations are found in Italy in the second quarter of the eighth century, and in the ninth they become common in southern Europe. Alcuin speaks of them by the terms _pacta caritatis_, _fraternitas_, _familiaritas_. The monks of the allied houses were termed _familiares_. Dr Brentano (p. 20) says that at later times "conventions like that between the Fraternity of London Saddlers and the neighbouring Canons of St Martin-le-Grand, by which the saddlers were admitted into brotherhood and partnership of masses, orisons, and other good deeds with the canons, were common." [16] Brentano, pages 1, 2. They are printed in Kemble's _The Saxons in England_, Vol. I. Appendix D. [17] Brentano, 49. [18] Gneist, _Self Government_, Vol. I. p. 110; _Verwaltungsrecht_, Vol. I. p. 139. [19] Stubbs, III. 576, 578. [20] _Work and Wages_, p. 126. [21] Stubbs, I. 452. [22] Stubbs, I. 449: _Select Charters_, 63, cap. 27, 28: 67, cap. iii., viii., 1., etc. [23] _Select Charters_, 66, 12: 72, 6. [24] Stubbs, I. 450. [25] _Select Charters_, 67, iii., viii., 1. [26] _Ibid._ 72, ii. cap. 6. [27] Cunningham, 129, Stubbs, I. 452, Brentano, 42. [28] Gross, I. 5; II. 28, 37. See note 1 to this Chapter. [29] Cf. note 1 to this Chapter. [30] _Ibid._ [31] _Select Charters_, 167 etc.; Stubbs, I. 452, and n. 1; Eyton's _Shropshire_, XI. 134. [32] _Quarterly Review_, Vol. 159. [33] Gross, I. 135, 136 and notes; II. 133, 149. [34] _Ibid._ I. 42. [35] Cf. note 2 to this Chapter. [36] _Select Charters_, 265. [37] _Select Charters_, 162, "Communam scilicet gildam." [38] Gross, I. 83 and note 1. [39] Stubbs, I. 451. [40] _Select Charters_ (Helston), 314. [41] Gross, I. 54. The Rolls of the Shrewsbury Merchant Gild contain a large number of names of "foreigners." For instance in 1209 there were apparently 56 foreigners; in 1252 these had increased to 234. [42] Printed in Gross, II. 114-123. [43] _Select Charters_, 166 (Charter of Henry II. to Lincoln). [44] Gross, II. 235, and cf. note 2 to this Chapter. [45] Cf. the "Chepgauel" at Totnes. Gross, II. 236. [46] Gross, I. 57. [47] Owen and Blakeway, I. 169-174. Erskine May, _Const. Hist._ III. 276-77.