[192] It is clear that the word “sophist” had under the Early Empire, as in both earlier and later times, two separate streams of meaning. It was used as a title of honour, e.g. Lucian, _Rhet. Præc._ 1, τὸ σεμνότατον τοῦτο καὶ πάντιμον ὄνομα σοφιστής; Philostr. _V. S._ 2. 31. 1, when Ælian was addressed as σοφιστής, he was not elated ὑπὸ τοῦ ὀνόματος οὕτω μεγάλου ὄντος; Eunap. _Vit. Liban._ p. 100, when emperors offered Libanius great titles and dignities, he refused them, φήσας τὸν σοφιστὴν εἶναι μείζονα. But the disparagement of the class to whom the word was applied runs through a large number of writers, e.g. Dio Chrys. _Orat._ iv. vol. i. 70, ἀγνοοῦντι καὶ ἀλαζόνι σοφιστῇ; _ib._ viii. vol. i 151, they croak like frogs in a marsh; _ib._ x. vol. i. 166, they are the wretchedest of men, because, though ignorant, they think themselves wise; _ib._ xii. vol. i. 214, they are like peacocks, showing off their reputation and the number of their disciples as peacocks do their tails. Epict. _Diss._ 2. 20. 23; M. Aurel. 1. 16; 6. 30. Lucian, _Fugitiv._ 10, compares them to hippocentaurs, σύνθετόν τι καὶ μικτὸν ἐν μέσῳ ἀλαζονείας καὶ φιλοσοφίας πλαζόμενον. Maximus Tyr. _Diss._ 33. 8, τὸ τῶν σοφιστῶν γένος, τὸ πολυμαθὲς τοῦτο καὶ πολυλόγον καὶ πολλῶν μεστὸν μαθημάτων, καπηλεῦον ταῦτα καὶ ἀπεμπολοῦν τοῖς δεομένοις. Among the Christian Fathers, especial reference may be made to Clem. Alex. _Strom._ 1, chapters 3 and 8, pp. 328, 343. [193] Epict. _Diss._ 3. 23. [194] The functions are clearly separable in the _Teaching of the Apostles_, 15, αὐτοὶ [sc. ἐπίσκοποι καὶ διάκονοι] γάρ εἰσιν οἱ τετιμημένοι ὑμῶν μετὰ τῶν προφητῶν καὶ διδασκάλων; but they are combined in the second book of the _Apostolical Constitutions_, pp. 16, 49, 51, 58, 84, ed. Lagarde. [195] Euseb. _H. E._ 6. 36. 1. [196] Sozom. _H. E._ 8. 2. [197] Eusebius, _H. E._ 6. 36. 1, speaks of Origen’s sermons as διαλέξεις, whereas the original designation was ὁμιλίαι. So in Latin, Augustine uses the term _disputationes_ of Ambrose’s sermons, _Confess._ 5. 13, vol. i, 118, and of his own _Tract._ lxxxix. _in Johann. Evang._ c. 5, vol. iii, pars 2, p. 719. [198] Phot. _Biblioth._ 172. [199] Sozomen. _H. E._ 8. 5. Augustine makes a fine point of the analogy between the church and the lecture-room (_schola_): “tanquam vobis pastores sumus, sed sub illo Pastore vobiscum oves sumus. Tanquam vobis ex hoc loco doctores sumus sed sub illo Magistro in hac schola vobiscum condiscipuli sumus:” _Enarrat. in Psalm._ cxxvi. vol. iv. 1429, ed. Ben. [200] _Adv. Jud._ 7. 6, vol. i. 671; _Conc._ vii. _adv. eos qui ad lud. circ. prof._ vol. i. 790; _Hom._ ii. _ad pop. Antioch._ c. 4, vol. ii. 25; _adv. eos qui ad Collect. non occur._ vol. iii. 157; _Hom._ liv. _in cap._ xxvii. _Genes._ vol. iv. 523; _Hom._ lvi. _in cap._ xxix. _Genes._ vol. iv. 541. [201] S. Chrys. _Hom._ xxx. _in Act. Apost._ c. 3, vol. ix. 238. [202] Greg. Naz. _Orat._ xlii. [203] Socrates, _H. E._ 6. 11; Sozomen, _H. E._ 8. 10.