[659] Cf. for the use of lights in worship, the money accounts, from a Berlin papyrus, of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus at Arsinoê, A.D. 215, in Hermes, Bd. xx. p. 430. [660] _Adv. Valent._ 1. Hippolytus (1, _proœm_; 5. 23, 24) says the heretics had mysteries which they disclosed to the initiated only after long preparation, and with an oath not to divulge them: so the Naassenes, 5. 8, and the Peratæ, 5. 17 (ad fin.), whose mysteries “are delivered in silence.” The Justinians had an oath of secrecy before proceeding to behold “what eye hath not seen” and “drinking from the living water,” 5. 27. [661] E.g. Marcus, in connection with initiation into the higher mysteries Hipp. 6. 41, and the Elkasaites as cleansing from gross sin, 9. 15. [662] Eus. _H.E._ iv. 7. [663] Hipp. 5. 27, of the Justinians. Cf. Hilgenfeld, _Ketzergesch._ p. 270. [664] For the Eastern custom, see Cyril Hier. _Catech. Myst._ ii. 3, 4, p. 312: the candidate is anointed all over _before_ baptism with exorcised oil, which, by invocation of God and prayer, purifies from the burning traces of sin, but also puts to flight the invisible powers of the evil one. Cf. _Apost. Const._ vii. 22, 41, iii. 15, 16; the _Coptic Constitutions_, c. 46 (ed. Tattam), cf. Boetticher’s Gr. translation in Bunsen’s _Anal. Ante-Nic._ ii 467; _Clem. Recog._ 3. 67; Chrys. _Hom._ 6. 4, _in Ep. ad Col._ xi. 342, ἀλείφεται ὥσπερ οἱ ἀθληταὶ εἰς στάδιον ἐμβησόμενοι, here also before baptism and all over; Dionys. Areop. _Eccles. Hier._ 2. 7; Basil, _de Spir. Sanct._ 66, vol. iv. 55. For earlier Western as distinct from Eastern thought on the subject, cf. Tert. _de bapt._ 6 and 7; _de resurr. carnis._ 8; _adv. Marc._ i. 14; Cyprian, _Ep._ 70. For the later Western usage, introduced from the East, see _Conc. Rom._ 402, c. 8, ed. Bruns. pt. ii. 278; _Ordo_ 6, _ad fac. Catech._ in Martène, _de ant. eccl. rit._ i. p. 17; Theodulfus Aurel. _de ord. bapt._ 10; unction of the region of the heart before and behind, symbolizing the Holy Spirit’s unction with a view to both prosperity and adversity (Sirmond, vol. ii. 686); Isid. Hisp. _de off. eccl._ 2. 21; Catechumens _exorcizantur, sales accipiunt et unguntur_, the salt being made _ut eorum gustu condimentum sapientiæ percipiant, neque desipiant a sapore Christi_ (Migne, lxxxiii. col. 814, 815); Cæs. Arelat. _serm._ 22. [665] _Apol._ 1. 66. [666] ap. Hipp. 6. 39. [667] Tert. _ad Scap._ 2, holds that sacrifice may consist of simple prayer. [668] Cf. Celsus’ idea of faith: Orig. _c. Cels._ 3. 39; Keim, p. 39. [669] Philo’s view of faith is well expressed in two striking passages, _Quis rer. div. Heres_, 18, i. 485; and _de Abrah._ 46, ii. 39. [670] Cf. “He that cometh to God must believe that He is, and that He is a rewarder of them that seek Him,” Heb. xi. 6; and “He that is of God heareth God’s words,” John viii. 47.