THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND EMPIRE 1793-1812 BY CAPTAIN A. T. MAHAN, U.S.N. PRESIDENT UNITED STATES NAVAL WAR COLLEGE AUTHOR OF "THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY, 1660-1783" OF "THE GULF AND INLAND WATERS," AND OF A "LIFE OF ADMIRAL FARRAGUT" IN TWO VOLUMES VOL. II. FOURTH EDITION. LONDON: SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON, SEARLE, & RIVINGTON. (LIMITED.) UNIVERSITY PRESS: JOHN WILSON AND SON, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. CHAPTER XII. EVENTS ON THE CONTINENT, 1798-1800. DISORDERS OF FRANCE UNDER THE DIRECTORY.—DISASTROUS WAR OF THE SECOND COALITION.—ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONSULATE.—BONAPARTE OVERTHROWS AUSTRIA AND FRAMES AGAINST GREAT BRITAIN THE ARMED NEUTRALITY OF 1800.—PEACE OF LUNÉVILLE WITH AUSTRIA. PAGE Hostilities of Naples against the French 1 Disastrous defeat of the Neapolitans 2 The French enter Naples 2 Piedmont annexed to France 2 Beginning of the war of the Second Coalition 3 Reverses of the French in Germany and Italy 3 Masséna falls back in Switzerland 4 Further French disasters in Italy 5 The French evacuate southern Italy 6 Battle of the Trebia won by Suwarrow 6 Loss of northern Italy by the French 7 The French defeated at the battle of Novi by Suwarrow 8 Change in the plans of the Coalition 8 Masséna defeats the allies at the battle of Zurich 9 Disastrous march of Suwarrow into Switzerland 9 Failure of the Anglo-Russian expedition against Holland 10 Loss of Bonaparte's conquests in Italy and of the Ionian Islands 10 Internal disorders of France 11 Bonaparte's return, and the revolution of Brumaire 18 15 Bonaparte's measures to restore order 15 His advances toward Great Britain and Austria to obtain peace 16 Reasons of the two governments for refusing 17 Prosperity of Great Britain 17 Russia abandons the coalition 19 Forces of France and Austria in 1800 19 Bonaparte's plan of campaign 20 Opening of the campaign in Italy 21 Masséna shut up in Genoa 21