[63] These considerations may of course imply nothing, directly, as to the size of the political organisation or of the national territory or population; though national boundaries are likely both to affect and to be affected by such changes in the industrial system. A community may be small, relatively to the industrial system in and by which it lives, and may yet, if conditions of peace permit it, stand in such a relation of complement or supplement to a larger complex of industrial groups as to make it in effect an integral part of a larger community, so far as regards its technology. So, for instance, Switzerland and Denmark are an integral part of the cultural and industrial community of the Western civilisation as effectually as they might be with an area and population equal to those of the United Kingdom or the German Empire, and they are doubtless each a more essential part in this community than Russia. At the same time, as things go within this Western culture, national boundaries have a very considerable obstructive effect in industrial affairs and in the growth of technology. It will probably be conceded on the one hand that any appreciable decline in the aggregate population of Christendom would result in some curtailment or retardation of the technological advance in which these peoples are jointly and severally engaged; and it is likewise to be conceded on the other hand that the like effect would follow on any marked degree of success from the efforts of those patriotic and dynastic statesmen who are endeavouring to set these peoples asunder in an armed estrangement and neutrality. [64] Cf., as an extreme case, Matilda C. Stevenson, “The Sia,” _Report Bur. Eth._, xi (1889–1890). The like decline is known to have occurred in many parts of Europe consequent on the decline of population due to the Black Death and the Plague. [65] On such native differences between the leading races of Europe, cf., e. g., G. V. de Lapouge, _Les Sélections Sociales_; and _l’Aryen_; O. Ammon, _Die Gesellschaftsordnung_; G. Sergi, _Arii e Italici_. [66] For instance, the Japanese and the Ainu, the Polynesians and the Melanesians, the Cinghalese and the Veddas. On the last named, cf. Seligmann, _The Veddas_. [67] Cf. W. Z. Ripley, _The Races of Europe_; G. Sergi, _The Mediterranean Race_; V. de Lapouge, _L’Aryen_; cf. also, J. Deniker, _Les races européennes_, and “Les six races composant la population de l’Europe,” _Journal Anthropological Institute_, vol. 34.