BAROGRAPH, OR SELF-RECORDING MERCURIAL BAROMETER, £68. Figure 6.--Photographic registering mercurial barometer, typical commercial version. (From J. J. Hicks, _Catalogue of ... Meteorological Instruments_, London, n.d., about 1870.)] Like Kew, Daniel Draper's observatory in Central Park, New York City, was established primarily for meteorological observation.[20] Draper was one of the sons of the prominent scientist J. W. Draper. Hipp was an instrument-maker of Neuchâtel who specialized in precision clocks.[21] The others after whom these "systems" were named were directors of astronomical observatories, which were, at this time, the most active centers of meteorological observation. Wild was at the Bern Observatory,[22] Secci at the Papal Observatory, Rome,[23] and George Hough at the Dudley Observatory, Albany, New York.[24] While the Signal Corps seems to have acquired all of the principal "systems," some interesting instruments were developed at still other observatories, notably by Kreil at the astronomical observatory in Prague.[25] The principal impetus for this full-scale mechanization of observation undoubtedly came from the directors of astronomical observatories. Thus within little more than the decade of the 1860's were developed five new systems of meteorological self-registry that were sufficiently well thought of to be adopted or copied by observatories outside their places of origin. Wild and Draper tell us that it was decided when their respective observatories were established--in 1860 and 1868--that all instruments should be self-registering. Each was obliged to design his own, being dissatisfied with the photographic registers commercially available. The development of these systems would therefore appear to have been due, in part, to the general spread of a conviction that satisfactory instruments were attainable. [Illustration: A, is the Vane. B, is the Perpendicular Shaft. C, is a Horizontal Circular Plate of light material attached to the shaft. E and F, two Rollers communicating motion to the Apron E F from left to right. 1, 2, 3, &c., are minute Cards, placed upon the Apron. G, is a Clock that regulates the motion of the Roller E, and consequently that of the apron and cards. D, is a small weight to relieve the Clock. N, NE, E, &c., are paper boxes placed upon the circular plate, to receive the cards, as they fall from the apron at E. Figure 7.--In 1838 the pioneer American meteorologist James H. Coffin (1806-1873) devised a self-registering wind direction indicator; in 1849 he improved it as shown here. The band, moved by clockwork, carries cards marked with the day and hour. In Coffin's earlier instrument, a part of which is now in the Smithsonian Institution, the vane carried a funnel for sand, which ran into a circular row of bottles. (From _Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science_, 1849, vol. 2, p. 388.)]