Types of Donatus of 1451 . . . 405 De la Borde’s Illustration of Types . . . 406 Holbein’s Satire on the Indulgences . . . 407 Letter of Indulgence dated 1454 . . . 409 Types of Bible of 36 Lines . . . 413 Abbreviations of Bible of 36 Lines . . . 414 Portrait of John Fust . . . 417 Types of Bible of 42 Lines . . . 423 Portrait of John Gutenberg . . . 429 Types of Letter of Indulgence of 1461 . . . 433 Types of Catholicon of 1460 . . . 435 Types of Celebration of the Mass . . . 437 Types of Mirror of the Clergy . . . 438 Colophon written by Peter Schœffer . . . 450 Types of the Psalter of 1457 . . . 453 Colophon of the Psalter of 1457 . . . 455 Types of the Rationale Durandi . . . 461 Types of the Bible of 1462 . . . 462 Trade-mark of Fust and Schœffer . . . 462 Types of Constitutions of Clement V . . . 463 Portrait of Peter Schœffer . . . 469 Types of the Grammar of 1468 . . . 470 Illustration from the Book of Fables . . . 483 Arms of the Typothetæ . . . 489 Part of Koburger’s Map of Europe . . . 496 The Birth of Eve, Zainer’s . . . 497 Statue of Gutenberg at Strasburg . . . 509 Type of the fifteenth century . . . 520 Printing Office of sixteenth century . . . 523 Hand Press of Jodocus Badius . . . 528 Inking Balls of sixteenth century . . . 530 Large wood-cut of fifteenth century . . . 535 The Fall of Lucifer, Zainer’s . . . 537 A Print of 1475 . . . 539 _PREFACE._ _The Invention of Printing has always been recognized by educated men as a subject of importance: there is no mechanical art, nor are there any of the fine arts, about whose early history so many books have been written. The subject is as mysterious as it is inviting. There is an unusual degree of obscurity about the origin of the first printed books and the lives and works of the early printers. There are records and traditions which cannot be reconciled of at least three distinct inventions of printing. Its early history is entangled with a controversy about rival inventors which has lasted for more than three centuries, and is not yet fully determined._ _In the management of this controversy, a subject intrinsically attractive has been made repulsive. The history of the invention of printing has been written to please national pride. German authors assert the claims of Gutenberg, and discredit traditions about Coster. Dutch authors insist on the priority of Coster, and charge Gutenberg with stealing the invention. Partisans on each side say that their opponents have perverted the records and suppressed the truth. The quarrel has spread. English and French authors, who had no national prejudices to gratify, and who should have considered the question without passion, have wrangled over the subject with all the bitterness of Germans or Hollanders. In this, as in other quarrels, there are amusing features, but to the general reader the controversy seems unfortunate and is certainly wearisome._