[11] Considerable controversy has taken place as to the actual meaning of this word. Various suggestions have been made, more generally by local writers, and in the confusion it is difficult to come to a final decision. The latest authorities prefer Gray Snow, and the task would be considerable to enumerate all those who have written on the subject. W. W. Hildreth in _Annals of Iowa_, April, 1864, gives the derivation from the Omaha word Py-ho-ja, or “Grey Snow.” It has been claimed that the word is of Dakota origin and that it was written by the French Aiouez (see Charlevoix, 1723) and that its anglicization was gradual. The present meaning of _Iowa_ in the Dakota is “something to write or paint with.” Schoolcraft is authority for the statement that the tribes called themselves Pa-ho-ches, meaning “Dusty Nose,” or “Dirty Face,” and Foster in the text emphasizes this point. One writer boldly asserts that the word Iowa is a corruption from Kiowa, and Antoine Le Claire, the celebrated half-breed interpreter, stated that the word in his tongue signified “this is the place.” Taylor Pierce, long connected with the trading post of Fort Des Moines, testified in favor of _Kiowa_, giving it the same definition as last named. Fulton (RED MEN OF IOWA) mentions certain writers who interpreted the word as “beautiful.” W. E. Richey (MEMOIRS OF THE EXPLORATION OF THE BASIN OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, Volume VII, 1903) says, “I feel inclined to think that the word _Iowa_ came from Harahey....” For a full discussion of this subject see _Annals of Iowa_, April, 1864, and July, 1896. [12] See Mooney, THE CHEYENNE INDIANS, _Mem. of the Amer. Anthro. Assoc._ No. 1, 1907. His map as given there is especially useful. [13] See Williamson, MINN. HIST. SOC. COLL., Vol. I, (reprint 1902), page 242. According to this authority the Iowa were known as Ayuhba, which form is also used by Riggs, DAKOTA GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY, 1852. In MEMOIRS OF EXPLORATIONS IN THE BASIN OF THE MISSISSIPPI, Vol. III, 1900, is included an excellent historical chart by N. H. Winchell showing geographical names and other data prior to Nicollet’s Map of 1841. This shows the location of the Iowa tribe in that section between the present southern boundary of Iowa and lower Minnesota on the east, and along the southern bank of the Missouri river to the westward. Catlin’s Map of 1833 places this tribe in the southwestern portion of the State of Iowa. [14] See note 60. [15] For an extended account of the Recollet Father Zénobe Membré, see Le Clercq’s FIRST ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FAITH IN NEW FRANCE, Shea’s translation, II, 133; 1881. [16] See Richman (I. B.). AMONG THE QUAKERS, AND OTHER SKETCHES, 3rd ed. Contains _Mascoutin, A Reminiscence of the Nation of Fire_. [17] Original in St. Mary’s College Archives, Montreal and reproduced in THE JESUIT RELATIONS, published by The Burrows Brothers Co. See also Joliet’s Map of 1674 (_ibid._ vol. LIX.) where relative positions are practically the same.