The Ivory Workers of the Middle AgesCust, Anna Maria Elizabeth
History
The Ivory Workers of the Middle Ages
Cust, Anna Maria Elizabeth
Ivories -- History; Ivories, Medieval
Three figures are represented, a bearded soldier and a stately lady,
who has with her a little boy. It is evidently a portrait group,
and has given rise to many questionings; and among the names of the
numerous historical personages connected with it are those of the
general Constantius, his wife, the famous Galla Placidia, daughter
of Theodosius I., and their little son, afterwards Valentinian III.
This would place it towards the end of the first twenty-five years of
the fifth century. This theory is quite possible, historically; but,
judging from the style, the attribution of Molinier is more likely. He
considers that the figures represent another trio who lived a quarter
of a century earlier. The decadence in art was so exceedingly rapid
that it is very doubtful if such good craftsmanship and originality of
design were possible at the later period. Molinier suggests that the
carving represents the great general Stilicho, who though of Vandal
origin, raised himself to a position of great power. He faithfully
served Theodosius I., and the Emperor on his deathbed intrusted to him
the care of his two young sons.
Stilicho, however, finding his influence in the Eastern Court was
checked by Rufinus, concentrated his energies in the West, and
practically ruled the Western Empire, and his weak young son-in-law,
the Emperor Honorius. He kept the invading hordes at bay by conquest
and treaty till his fall in 408, in which year the three persons
depicted on these tablets—Stilicho, his wife Serena, adopted daughter
and niece of Theodosius I., and their young son, Eucherius, were all
cruelly murdered. This attribution would date it about 400, and an
examination of the style supports the idea. The proportions are good,
and the drapery well rendered, especially Serena’s girdled tunic. The
whole design shows originality, and the figures being portraits, the
craftsman was thrown on his own resources and could not copy from
classical sculpture.
The pose of the figures is somewhat uneasy, and contrasts unfavourably
with the grace of the Bacchantes on the beautiful private diptych, part
in the Musée de Cluny, and part in the Victoria and Albert Museum (No.
58), which probably formed the cover of a marriage contract between
the families of the Nicomachi and the Symmachi. These tablets, though
nearly of the same date, adhere closely to some Greek model, and though
gaining much in beauty, lose in originality.
Camille Jullian in an interesting article[2] points out how in the
midst of thoroughly Roman surroundings, it is only the energetic face
of Stilicho which is not Roman in type and betrays his barbarian origin.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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