The Ivory Workers of the Middle AgesCust, Anna Maria Elizabeth
History
The Ivory Workers of the Middle Ages
Cust, Anna Maria Elizabeth
Ivories -- History; Ivories, Medieval
_V. Inl._ or _Vir Inlustris_, _V. C._ or _Vir Clarissimus_, and even
_Patric._ or _Patrician_, were personal titles and not hereditary. They
denoted that the bearer had held high office. We also find _Præfectus_,
and _Comes domesticorum equites_, or commander of the imperial
bodyguard. To be called _Vir spectabilis_, or a respectable man, was
then esteemed a high honour, while in our degenerate days it is almost
considered an insult. But _Cons. ordin._ or _Consul ordinarius_ was the
real dignity, and with one exception always stood last.
In the lower division of the Orestes tablet, two servants pour money
from sacks, doubtless commemorating the Consul’s largesse to the
people. In some diptychs they scatter prizes for the Games, and often
there are lively representations of the chariot races (No. 33), and
the fights with wild beasts. Areobindus has left us the most varied
pictures. A row of spectators look on at the struggling gladiators
(No. 9), or _Bestiarii_ fighting with all sorts of wild beasts, lions
and bears (No. 7), a bull-fight (No. 10), and on an anonymous diptych
at Liverpool (No. 51), five magnificent elans are being attacked by
hunters.
The fights do not appear to have been very dangerous for the men; the
scenes are often quite comic from the numerous precautions taken,
especially on the Basilewsky tablet at St. Petersburg (No. 52). The
fighters, carefully packed in leather protectors, bolt through doors
with peep-holes, or climb into a sort of crow’s-nest, curling up their
ferocious opponents at the end of extremely long spears. In fact
there was every means of escape, trap-doors, turnstile exits, and
even dummy figures to divert the attention of the animals. Perhaps it
was necessary, for we read of Pompey providing six hundred lions for
a single show, and of Trajan celebrating his Dacian victories by the
slaughter of eleven thousand beasts. If these little precautions had
not been taken, the entertainment might have ended abruptly, and more
in favour of the lower animals than the lords of creation.
The fights of the gladiators represented on the Besançon tablet must
have been more exhibitions of skill than struggles to the death.
These gladiatorial fights ceased after the generous act of the monk
Telemachus. He, after travelling to Rome from the far East with the
set purpose, stept down into the arena, at the triumphal games of the
Emperor Honorius (404), and tried to part the combatants. He was stoned
to death by the enraged multitude; but his death was not unavailing,
for his memory was respected, and these degrading exhibitions were for
ever abolished.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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