EYZAGUIRRE--Historia de Chile. TERTRE--Histoire de St. Christophe. ROHRBACHER--History of the Church. HÜBNER--Sixte-Quint. HUC--Christianity in China, Tartary and Tibet. ROBERTSON--History of Charles V. SHEA--The Catholic Church in Colonial Days. PACCA--Memorie storiche del ministero. SAINTE-BEUVE--Causeries. PETIT DE JULLEVILLE--Histoire de la littérature française. GODEFROY--Littérature française. SCHLOSSER--History of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. CANTÜ--Storia universale. The Cambridge Modern History, Vols. VIII, XII. The Month. The Catholic Encyclopedia, passim. The Encyclopedia Britannica, passim. Realencyclopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, passim. THE JESUITS 1534-1921 CHAPTER I ORIGIN The Name--Opprobrious meanings--Caricatures of the Founder-- Purpose of the Order--Early life of Ignatius--Pampeluna-- Conversion--Manresa--The Exercises--Authorship--Journey to Palestine--The Universities--Life in Paris--First Companions-- Montmartre First Vows--Assembly at Venice. Failure to reach Palestine--First Journey to Rome--Ordination to the Priesthood-- Labors in Italy--Submits the Constitutions for Papal Approval-- Guidiccioni's opposition--Issue of the Bull _Regimini_--Sketch of the Institute--Crypto-Jesuits. The name "Jesuit" has usually a sinister meaning in the minds of the misinformed. Calvin is accused of inventing it, but that is an error. It was in common use two or three centuries before the Reformation, and generally it implied spiritual distinction. Indeed, in his famous work known as "The Great Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ," which appeared somewhere about 1350, the saintly old Carthusian ascetic, Ludolph of Saxony, employs it in a way that almost provokes a smile. He tells his readers that "just as we are called Christians when we are baptized, so we shall be called Jesuits when we enter into glory." Possibly such a designation would be very uncomfortable even for some pious people of the present day. The opprobrious meaning of the word came into use at the approach of the Protestant Reformation. Thus, when laxity in the observance of their rule began to show itself in the once fervent followers of St. John Columbini--who were called Jesuati, because of their frequent use of the expression: "Praised be Jesus Christ"--their name fixed itself on the common speech as a synonym of hypocrisy. Possibly that will explain the curious question in the "Examen of Conscience" in an old German prayer-book, dated 1519, where the penitent is bidden to ask himself: "Did I omit to teach the Word of God for fear of being called a Pharisee, a Jesuit, a hypocrite, a Beguine?"