V. Divine Worship 413–455 Beginnings of Divine Worship 413 Sacrifices 414 Prayer 418–455 Devotion 419 Minhag or Custom 419 Prayer in Hebrew 420 Efficacy of Prayer 422 Synagogue 423 Instrumental Music in Synagogue 427 The Ritual, in Talmud and Midrash 429 Prayers at Fixed Times 435 Shema, ‏שמע‎ 436 Amidah or Tefillah 437 Abridged Forms of the Amidah 439 Other Constituent Elements of the Service 439 Night-prayer 440 Public Service 441 Kaddish 441 Kedushah 442 Repetition of Amidah 442 Priests’ Benediction 442 The Reading of the Law 442 Occasional Prayers; Benedictions; Grace 442 Notes on Customs in Synagogue 444 Temporary Substitutes for the Service 446 Repetition of the Amidah 446 Kedushah; Kaddish 447 Sermons and Lectures 448 Special Prayer-Meetings 449 Reform of the Ritual 449 Congregations and their Religious Guide 454