In the case of two Greeks, Posidonius of Apamea in Syria, and Molo, no
Egyptian influence can be shown. Both were among the most influential
men of their time. Molo’s career and importance have been briefly
sketched. To Posidonius must be assigned a still more powerful
intellectual influence over his generation and those that followed.[226]
The leader of the Stoic school or, as it may well be called, sect, he so
reorganized its teaching that the Stoa became nothing else than the
dominant faith among cultivated men, a situation perhaps paralleled by
Confucianism in China, which is also an ethical philosophy that finds it
possible to dwell on terms of comity with various forms of cruder
popular belief.
What Molo’s philosophic affiliations were is not easy to determine. The
Stoics were nearer than most other schools to rhetoricians and
grammarians, but many men of these professions acknowledged allegiance
to the Academy, to Epicureanism, or even to the revived Pythagoreanism
of the first century B.C.E. Of the extensive writings of the Rhodian
rhetorician there is not enough left to give even a probable answer.
But most philosophic sects laid stress on the universality of their
teachings, and were marked by an intense intellectual rationalism. The
crude psychology of those days made the formation of categories a simple
thing. Thinkers could scarcely be expected to admit that inherited
instincts could qualify the truth of a philosophic dogma. More
particularly, the philosophic movements were powerful solvents of
nationalism. Even the distinction between Greek and barbarian did not
exist in theory for them.[227] The notion of the state and the
maintenance of its ancestral rites became for them a meaningless but
innocuous form, which men of common sense would not despise, but to
which one could attach no great importance.
Face to face with congregations like those of the Jews, which enforced
their separation by stringent religious prohibitions, the Stoics more
than others found their opposition roused. More than others, because
many Stoics adopted from the Cynical school the methods of the diatribe,
the popular sermon, and, indeed, made an active attempt to carry the
universality of their principles into practice. And the Stoics, more
than others, would find the height of irrationality in the stubborn
insistence on forms for which only an historical justification could be
found.
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