Cf. Catullus, LXIII. The archigallus was not permitted to be chosen from Roman citizens till the time of Claudius. Footnote 159: This genre seems to have first taken literary form at the hands of Bion of Borysthenes, a pupil of Crates, who was himself a pupil of Diogenes. Footnote 160: Wisdom of Solomon xiv. 12-14. Cf. also the entire thirteenth and fourteenth chapters of Wisdom. Footnote 161: In Dan. x. 13-20 angels, or “princes,” are the patrons of the various nations, as also in the Testaments of the Patr. (Test. Naph. 9). That fact of itself indicates a belief in the reality of the divine protectors of the heathen nations. And the “devils,” שדים (Deut. xxxii. 17), and שעירים (Lev. xvii. 7), are very likely the local gods. Footnote 162: Philo, De Specialibus Legibus, ch. 7. Footnote 163: We have already noted the ancient prophecy cited in Is. ii. 4 and Micah iv. 1. The fullest statement of this universalist aspiration is in Malachi i. 11, and i. 14. CHAPTER XII THE OPPOSITION Footnote 164: The Messenians also expelled the Epicureans (Athen. xii. 547), and Antiochus (VI) Dionysius, or rather Tryphon in his name, expelled all philosophers from Antioch and all Syria (Athen. _ibid._). The latter document has been questioned by Radermacher, Rh. Mus. N. F. lvi. (1901), 202, but on insufficient grounds. It is probably genuine, but the king referred to is uncertain. It will be remembered that the Epicurean Philonides claimed to have converted Epiphanes and to have been a favorite of Demetrius (Crönert, Stzb. Berl. (1900), 943, and Usener Rh. Mus. N. F. lvi. (1901), 145 seq.) Alexander Balas professed Stoicism. Footnote 165: Josephus, Ant. XVIII. ix. Footnote 166: Dio Cassius, lviii. 32; Ens. Chron. ii. 164. The account in its details is not free from doubt. Footnote 167: Josephus, Ant. XIV. x. Footnote 168: Senatusconsultum de Bacch. C. I. L. i. 43, n. 196. Bruns Fontes, n. 35, ll. 14-16. Footnote 169: Cf. the instances cited in Cumont, Les rel. or. dans le pag. rom., p. 122, and the articles on Isis in the Pauly-Wissowa Realenzykl, the Dar.-Saglio Dict., and Roscher’s Lexikon. Footnote 170: In Greek διαβολή. Cf. Aristotle, Rhetoric, II. iii. 30; Syrianus, In Hermogenem, ii. (134, 3). Of this διαβολή, a favorite form was ἐπηρεασμός, “mockery” (Arist. _op. cit._ II. ii. 3), and “Commonplaces,” κοινοὶ τόποι, on the subject are cited in Aristotle (_op. cit._ III. xv. 1). Footnote 171: Reinach, Textes, p. 49. Footnote 172: Eratosthenes was head of the Alexandrian Academy. Footnote 173: