These importations of Greek gods were at the time conscious receptions
of foreign elements. The foreign god and his ritual were taken over
intact. Greek modes of divine communion, notably the _lectisternium_, or
sacrificial banquet,[43] and the games, were adopted and eagerly
performed by Romans. When Rome reached a position of real primacy in the
Mediterranean, the process of saturation with foreign elements was
accelerated, but with it an opposition movement became apparent, which
saw in them (what they really were) a source of danger for the ancient
Roman institutions. The end of the second Punic war, approximately 200
B.C.E., shortly after a most striking instance of official importation
of cults, that of the Phrygian Cybele, particularly marks a period in
this respect as in so many others. From that time on, the entry of
foreign religions went on apace, but it was somewhat surreptitious, and
was carried on in the train of economic, social, and political movements
of far-reaching effect.
When the Jews came in contact with the Romans, this point had been long
reached. As far, therefore, as the Jews were concerned, their religion
shared whatever feeling of repulsion and distrust foreign religions
excited among certain classes, and equally shared the very catholic
veneration and dread that other classes brought to any system of
worship.
The former classes correspond roughly to those of educated men
generally. Their intellectual outlook was wholly Greek, and all their
thinking took on a Greek dress. But they received Greek ideas, not only
through Homer and Sophocles, but also through Plato and Aristotle. Not
popular Greek religion, but sophisticated religious philosophy, was
brought to the intellectual leaders of Rome. One of the very first works
of Greek thought to be brought to Roman attention was the theory of
Euhemerus, a destructive analysis of the existing myths, not merely in
the details usually circulated, but in respect to the fundamental basis
of myth-making.[44] In these circumstances educated men adopted the
various forms of theism, pantheism, or agnosticism developed by the
Greek philosophical schools, and their interest in the ceremonial of
their ancestral cult became a form of patriotism, in which, however, it
was not always possible to conceal the consciousness of the chasm
between theory and practice.
The other part of the Roman population, which knew Greek myths chiefly
from the stage, could not draw such distinctions. What was left of the
old Italian peasantry perhaps continued the sympathetic and propitiatory
rites that were the substance of the ancient Roman cult. But there
cannot have been a great number of these. The mass of the later plebs, a
mixed multitude in origin, could get little religious excitement out of
the state ritual. What they desired was to be found in the Oriental
cults, which from this time on invaded the city they were destined to
conquer.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
Reviews
Reviews
No reviews yet
Be the first to share your thoughts on this work.
Join the Discussion
Join the discussion
Sign in to leave a comment or review.
Sign InorCreate an account