THE WAR IN POLAND 41 Renaissance of Polish hopes.—Polish anti-Semitism. —Spy stories instigated by Poles, accepted and circulated by Russian military authorities. MILITARY REPRESSIONS 66 Extraordinary conduct of military censor. —Stifling of Jewish press and speech.—Expulsions. —Demand for hostages.—Widespread misery.—Unfair administration of relief. THE PEOPLE VS. THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT 70 Anti-Jewish policy of the Government not approved by the people.—DUMA protests.—Resolutions of CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY.—Protests of MUNICIPALITIES, PUBLIC OFFICIALS, ETC.—Protests of TRADE AND PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.—Protests of WRITERS and PUBLICISTS. OTHER COUNTRIES AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 84 Russian atrocities in Galicia. ROUMANIA 89 PALESTINE 93 APPENDIX 1. Report of Russian Jewish Relief Committee 98 2. Speech of Deputy Friedman in the Duma 111 3. Speech of Baron Rosen in Imperial Council 117 THE JEWS IN THE EASTERN WAR ZONE INTRODUCTION Of all the people that have suffered deeply from the present war, none have borne a greater burden than the Jews—in physical and economic loss, in moral and spiritual torment. Jews are today fighting each other in all the armies of Europe. Russia alone has over 350,000 Jewish soldiers; Austria has over 50,000; altogether there are probably one-half million Jews in the ranks of the fighting armies. The Jews are bearing the brunt of the war’s burdens, not only on the field of battle, where they suffer with the rest of the world, but also in their homes, where they have been singled out, by their peculiar geographic, political and economic position, for disaster surpassing that of all others. When the war broke out, one-half of the Jewish population of the world was trapped in a corner of Eastern Europe that is absolutely shut off from all neutral lands and from the sea. Russian Poland, where over two million Jews lived, is in a salient. South of it is Galicia, the frontier province of Austria. Here lived another million Jews. Behind Russian Poland are the fifteen Russian provinces, which, together with Poland, constitute the Pale of Jewish Settlement. Here lived another four million Jews.