To recapitulate, the results of the post-Cretaceous uplift are seen in the valleys which have been cut in the peneplain. The narrow valleys in the gneisses and schists, the upland valleys in the limestones, the wide open, drift encumbered gaps in the trap ridge,--Cook’s and the Westfield river gaps,--the broad open lowland on the sandstones, are all the result of erosion in this cycle. The Quinnipiac gorge in the sandstone, and the Tariffville gorge in the trap are just as surely of a later date. They do not at all accord with the work of the earlier cycle either in size, angle of slope, or depth. This conclusion is somewhat at variance with an opinion expressed by Professor J. D. Dana,[40] but it seems justifiable in view of the successive cycles in the physical development of the region. In another part of this article I shall consider these gaps again in connection with their river histories, and shall give additional reasons why I venture to differ from so eminent an authority. _Length of this cycle._ This cycle of erosion beginning with the post-Cretaceous uplift was not so long as the preceding cycle. In the earlier one the whole state was reduced to a peneplain; in the later cycle only the soft Triassic sandstones were brought near to baselevel. It probably lasted through Tertiary times, and was brought to a close by a slight uplift. The result of this uplift is well shown in Pennsylvania[41] and New Jersey.[42] It is not well shown in Connecticut, but there seem to be some traces of it in the trenches the rivers have cut below the level of the sandstone peneplain. However, these trenches are so much obscured by drift that a positive statement is not warranted. It may, however, be spoken of provisionally as the post-Tertiary uplift. There may have been later oscillations of small amount, probably were; here and there are shreds of evidence which point to such oscillations, but only one movement has had an effect upon the topography, which can be recognized. The fjorded condition of all the rivers along the Sound--the Norwalk, Saugatuck, New Haven bay, Niantic and Thames are the best examples--shows that within comparatively recent time there has been a slight subsidence of the land. But this movement is not to be compared in amount with those of the earlier cycles. _The drift._ Over all the state in varying thickness lies the glacial drift, either in its typical unmodified development as till, or in its modified form, as river terraces, kames, eskers and sand-plains. It is of importance in this connection only as it has affected the topography of the country and so modified the drainage. Examples of these modifications will be mentioned later.