The areas occupied by the Grenville series although of very considerable extent, being known to aggregate many thousand square miles, are probably small as compared with those underlain by the Fundamental Gneiss. The relative distribution of the two series has not been ascertained except in a general way in the more easily-accessible parts of the great Archean Protaxis. The Grenville series is known to occupy a large part of its southern margin between the city of Quebec and the Georgian Bay, while the discovery of crystalline limestone in the gneiss elsewhere at several widely separated points, as for instance on the Hamilton River in Labrador, in the southern part of Baffin Land and on the Melville Peninsula, makes it probable that other considerable areas will, with the progress of geological exploration, be found in the far north. Over the greater part of the Protaxis, however, the more monotonous development of the Fundamental Gneiss seems to prevail. The question of the origin and mutual relations of the Fundamental Gneiss and the Grenville series is one about which, though much has been written but little is known. Three views may be taken on the matter-- (1) The Fundamental Gneiss may be supposed to contain what remains of a primitive crust, penetrated by great masses of igneous rock erupted through it--the whole having been subjected to repeated dynamic action.[2] The Grenville Series may be an upward continuation or development of the Fundamental Gneiss under altered conditions, marking in the history of the world the transition from those conditions under which a primitive crust formed to those in which sedimentation under the present normal conditions took place. It would seem that if the earth originally had a crust on which the first sediments were deposited when the temperature became sufficiently low to permit water to condense, that the said water, at a very high temperature and under what are to us now inconceivable conditions but little removed from fusion, might give rise to sediments not altogether similar to those formed by the ordinary processes of erosion at the present time. Also that, under the unique conditions which must have prevailed at that early time, in the formation of a crust solidification, precipitation and sedimentation might go on to a certain extent concomitantly, and thus no well-defined break could be detected, or would in fact exist, between a primitive crust formed by solidification from a fused magma and the earliest aqueous sediments or deposits. The Fundamental Gneiss and the Grenville Series might thus, as Logan supposed, form one practically continuous series and represent parts of the original crust, with the first crystalline or clastic sediments deposited on it, the whole penetrated by eruptive rocks and folded up and altered by repeated dynamic action at subsequent periods.