[2] He was sold by David Kertk or Kirke the first English Conqueror of Quebec. England held her conquest only from 1629 to 1632, if it be permissible to call Kirke's possession that of England when he was repudiated by his country. _Relations des Jesuites_, 1632, p. 12: do. do. 1633, p. 25. Much of the information which follows concerning slavery in Quebec is taken from a paper in the _Memoirs of the Historical Society of Montreal_, 1859, _De L'esclavage en Canada_, written by M. Jacques Viger and Sir L.H. Lafontaine. I have made an independent investigation and am satisfied that the facts are truly stated. This general acknowledgment will prevent the necessity of particular reference. In a local history of Montreal _Memoirs de la Societe Historique de Montreal_ 1869, p. 200, there is a reference to Panis slaves in Montreal in 1670. [3] "Mais il est bon de leur faire remarquer qu'il est a craindre que ces negres, venant d'un climat si different, no perissent en Canada et le projet serait alors inutile." "Il est a craindre" that the prospect of "le projet" being "inutile" was more alarming than that of "ces negres" perishing in frozen Canada. [4] The name Pani or Panis, Anglicized into Pawnee, was used generally in Canada as synonymous with "Indian Slave" because these slaves were usually taken from the Pawnee tribe. It is held by some that the Panis were a tribe wholly distinct from the tribe known among the English as Pawnees--_e.g._, Drake's _History of the Indians of North America_. Those who would further pursue this matter will find material in the _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, Vol. XVIII, p. 103 (note); Vigor and Lafontaine, _L'Esclavage en Canada_ cited above n. 2; _Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections_, Vol. XXVII, p. 613 (n); Vol. XXX, pp. 402, 596; Vol. XXXV, p. 548; Vol. XXXVII, p. 541. From Vol XXX, p. 546, we learn that Dr. Anthon, father of Prof. Anthon of Classical Text-book fame, had a "Panie Wench" who, when the family had the smallpox "had them very severe" along with Dr. Anthon's little girl and his "aeltest boy"--"however they got all safe over it and are not disfigured." Thwaites, an exceedingly careful writer, in his edition of _Long's Travels_, Cleveland, 1904, says in a note on page 117; "Indian Slavery among the French was first practised in the Illinois Country." He gives no authority and I know of none. [5] Referred to in Chalmers' _Collection of Treaties between Great Britain and Other Powers_, London, 1790, p. 328: Pap. Off. B. 25. [6] We shall see later in this work that by the English law, the "villein" was real property and in the same case as land: also that when Parliament came to legislate so as to make lands in the American Colonies liable for debts, "Negroes" were included in "hereditaments" and therefore "real estate." [7] Thus early do we find the Abolitionist getting in his fiendish work--the enemy of society, of God and man!