[8] This ordinance is quoted (_Mich. Hist. Coll._, XII, p. 511, 517) and its language ascribed to a (non-existent) "wise and humane statute of Upper Canada of May 31, 1798"--a curious mistake, perhaps in copying or printing. In Kingsford's _History of Canada_, Vol. 2, p. 507, we are told: "In 1718, several young men were prosecuted on account of their relations with Albany carried on through Lake Champlain. One of them, M. de la Decouverte, had made himself remarkable by bringing back a Negro slave and some silver ware. One of the New York Livingstones resided in Montreal and was generally the intermediary in these transactions. The author adds in a note: "This negro must have been among the first brought to Canada." [9] "A peine d'amende arbitraire et de plus grande peine si le cas y escheoit." [10] Canada was at this time divided into three Jurisdictions or Districts--those of Quebec, Trois Rivieres and Montreal. [11] There are trifling variations in the English text in the several versions in the _Capitulations and Extracts of Treaties relating to Canada_, 1797; _Knox's Journal_, Vol. 2, p. 423: _Documents relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York_, Vol. 10, p. 1107. That in the text is from Shortt & Doughty's _Constitutional Documents 1759-1791, Canadian Archives Publication_, Ottawa, 1907. There is no substantial difference in terminology and none at all in meaning. I give the French version, as to which there is no dispute: "Les Negres et panis des deux Sexes resteront En leur qualite d'Esclaves, en la possession des francois et Canadiens a qui Ils apartiement; Il leur Sera libre de les garder a leur Service dans la Colonie od de les vendre, Et Ils pourront aussi Continuer a les faire Elever dans la Religion Romaine." [12] The Province of Ontario is the proud possessor of many of Paul Kane's sketches. [13] Now the Royal Canadian Institute. The paper appears in Series II of the _Transactions_, Vol. 2, p. 20 (1857). The use by the Indians of Slaves is noted very early: for example in Galinee's _Narrative_ of the extraordinary voyage of LaSalle and others in 1669-70 the travellers are shown to have obtained from the Indians, slaves as guides. See pp. 21, 27, 43 of Coyne's edition, 4 _Ont. Hist. Soc. Papers_ (1903). These Indians were accustomed to take their slaves to the Dutch. _Ibid._, p. 27. Still there is not very much in the old authors about slavery among the Indians: the references are incidental and fragmentary and the institution is taken for granted. Thus in Lescarbot's _History of New France_, published in 1609, the only reference which I recall is on pp. 270, 449 of The Champlain Society's edition, Toronto, 1914; speaking of the Micmacs the author says: " ... the conquerors keep the women and children prisoners ... herein they retain more humanity than is sometimes shown by Christians. For in any case, one should be satisfied to make them slaves as do our savages or to make them purchase their liberty."