Fumigation as a curative measure soon degenerated in Europe into quackery,--the Arab smoke doctor giving place to the itinerant charlatan whose Arabic name lingers in Portuguese _bufarinheiro_ "peddler," originally "smoke vender." In Africa, medical fumigation spread southward through the Negro country, finding its way to America perhaps a full century before the coming of Columbus. The manner in which smoking was introduced into America is made clear by the history of the Negro _pombeiro_, the African bootlegger in the service of the Portuguese colonists, who taught the natives to drink _pombe_, a kind of intoxicating liquor. This word _pombe_ is a corruption of Latin _pulpa_, which through the Spanish _pulpa_ has persisted in Mexico as _pulque_, the name of an intoxicant used by the Indians, exactly as Arabic _hashish_, through Spanish _chicha_, has entered Nahuatl, producing the Nahuatl _chichila_ "to ferment, etc." The method of preparing the _chicha_ in Peru, by masticating grain, is clearly of African origin, since in the Sudan, a kind of drink is made by chewing the fruit of the baobab. The clearest proof, however, that such _pombeiros_ reached America in Pre-Columbian days is found in Columbus's reference to the report by the Indians of Hispaniola, that "_black people_ had come thither from the south and south east, with spearheads of _guanin_." Now _guanin_ is a Mandingo word; the name of an alloy of 18 parts of gold, 6 of silver and 8 of copper. The history of shell and bead money, familiar as the wampum of the northern Indians, forms the third part of the present volume, and is perhaps the source of the strongest arguments to show the Pre-Columbian relation of Africa and America. Ultimately, the use of cowry shells for money comes from China, where such shells, called _pei_, _tze-pei_, _pei-tze_, had been used from time immemorial. The Chinese name of the cowry, _ho-pei_, probably anciently pronounced something like _ka-par_, is evidently the origin of Sanskrit _kaparda_, Hindustani _kauri_ (whence English _cowry_), Dravidian _kavadi_ "cowry." "From the ninth century on, we have many references in the Arabic authors to the cowries in Asia and Africa" (page 208). It is quite to be expected, then, that in the Negro languages, we should find derivatives of this ultimately Chinese word, descended through the medium of successive borrowings, via Hindustani and Arabic,--that is, Hausa _al-kawara_, _kawara_, etc., Zanzibar _kauri_, Wolof _korre_, Bambara _kori_, etc., side by side with a group descended from Dravidian _woda_ "shell,"--that is Hausa _wori_, Malinke _wuri_, Bambara _wari_.