The substitution of beads for shells, as the development of this primitive form of currency went on, has left its mark likewise in linguistic records. That is to say, we have in Africa a group of words descended ultimately from Chinese _par_, _pei_, originally meaning "cowry," and secondarily "bead," together with a new group, traceable through an Arabic intermediary stage to Persian _sang_ "onyx," the bead-stone par excellence. From the cowry-words have come Benin _cori_, _kori_, _koli_, "blue bead," whence _akori_, the "_aggry_" bead of the white traders, Neule _gri_ "beads," and Baule _worye_ "blue bead," a loan-word from Mandingo _wori_. In Bantu _zimbo_, we have either a Bantu plural of _abuy_, itself a derivative of Maldive _boli_, _bolli_, which is the Chinese _pei_ "cowry," or a direct loan-word, through Arabic or Portuguese influence, of Chinese _tsze-pei_ "purple shell." The transference in meaning from "cowry" to "bead" is illustrated in Kaffir _in-tsimbi_ "beads." Similarly, the original "bead" words, from Persian _sang_ "onyx," have given Zanzibar, Swahili _ushanga_ "bead," Kongo _nsanga_ "string of blue beads," with a recession of meaning in Kongo _nsungu_ "cowry shell." The transference of African currency to America is shown by two significant facts. First, we have the name. In the Brazilian _caang_ "to prove, try," _caangaba_ "mould, picture, etc.," is to be seen a form of some African derivative of Persian _sang_, as seen in Zanzibar _ushanga_ "bead," Kongo _nsanga_ "blue beads," etc., the change of meaning leading to the connotation "mould" being due to the substitution of the European idea of money as a piece of stamped metal, in place of that of bead or shell money. Exactly as the _petun_ words for tobacco spread from South to North America along the trade routes, so the words for "money" followed the same course. Jacques Cartier's word _esnogny_, given as the Indian name of shell money,--the shells actually gathered by an African method of fishing for shell-fish with a dead body,--is traceable only to some form of the Brazillian _çaang_, which has also given Gree _soniwaw_ "silver," Long Island _sewan_ "money." The Chino-African cowry-word, seen in African _abuy_, is preserved in the North American _bi_, _pi_ (plural _peag_, _peak_) "wampum," side by side with the Guarani _mboi_, _poi_, "shell bead." Lest the reader still harbor a lingering doubt of the fact of early trade relations between Brazil and Canada, Professor Wiener shows how Spanish _aguja_ "needle" has left derivatives in a large number of Indian languages distant by many hundreds of miles from any Spanish settlement.