T. R. DAVIS: _Negro Servitude in the United States_ 247 GORDON B. HANCOCK: _Three Elements of African Culture_ 284 J. C. HARTZELL: _Methodism and the Negro in the United States_ 301 WILLIAM RENWICK RIDDELL: _Notes on the Slave in Nouvelle France_ 316 DOCUMENTS: 331 _Banishment of the Free People of Color from Cincinnati._ _First Protest against Slavery in the United States._ _A Negro Pioneer in the West._ _Concerning the Origin of Wilberforce._ COMMUNICATIONS: 338 _A Letter from Mr. J. W. Cromwell bearing on the Negro in West Virginia._ _A Letter from Dr. James S. Russell giving Information about Peter George Morgan of Petersburg, Virginia._ _A Letter from Captain A. B. Spingarn about early Education of the Negroes in New York._ BOOK REVIEWS: 346 JONES'S _Piney Woods and its Story_; JOHNSON'S _American Negro Poetry_; RHODES'S _The McKinley and Roosevelt Administrations_; GUMMERE'S _Journal of John Woolman_. NOTES: 351 THE SPRING CONFERENCE 353 NO. 4. OCTOBER, 1923 ALBERT PARRY: _Abram Hannibal, the Favorite of Peter the Great_ 359 ALRUTHEUS A. TAYLOR: _The Movement of the Negroes from the East to the Gulf States from 1830 to 1850_ 367 ELIZABETH ROSS HAYNES: _Negroes in Domestic Service in the United States_ 384 DOCUMENTS: 443 _Documents and Comments on Benefit of Clergy as applied to Slaves, by Wm. K. Boyd._ COMMUNICATIONS: 448 _A Letter from A. P. Vrede giving an Account of the Achievements of the Rev. Cornelius Winst Blyd of Dutch Guiana._ _A Letter from Captain T. G. Steward throwing Light on various Phases of Negro History._ BOOK REVIEWS: 455 FROBENIUS'S _Das Unbekannte Africa_; OBERHOLTZER'S _History of the United States since the Civil War_; LUCAS'S _Partition of Africa_; JACKSON'S _Boy's Life of Booker T. Washington_. NOTES: 465 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR FOR THE YEAR 1922-23 466 THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY VOL. VIII., NO. 1 JANUARY, 1923. THE EDUCATIONAL EFFORTS OF THE FREEDMEN'S BUREAU AND FREEDMEN'S AID SOCIETIES IN SOUTH CAROLINA, 1862-1872[1] INTRODUCTION