The Kansas University Quarterly, Vol. I, No. 2, October 1892Various
History
The Kansas University Quarterly, Vol. I, No. 2, October 1892
Various
Natural history -- Periodicals; Science -- Periodicals
In applying this method of investigation to the various forms of
unicursal cubics and quartics, only a limited number of theorems are
given in each case. It will be at once evident that many more theorems
might be added, but enough are given in each case to illustrate the
method and show the range of its application. It is not necessary to
work out all the details, as this paper is intended to be suggestive
rather than exhaustive.
NODAL CUBICS.
If an ellipse be inverted from one of its vertices, the inverse
curve is symmetrical with respect to the axis; it has one point of
inflection at infinity and the asymptote is an inflectional tangent.
This asymptote is the inverse of the circle of curvature at the vertex.
The cubic has two other points of inflection situated symmetrically
with respect to the axis. Hence the three points of inflection lie on
a right line, a projective theorem which is consequently true of all
nodal cubics. The axis is evidently the harmonic polar of the point
of inflection at infinity. Since the axis bisects the angle between
the tangents at the node, it follows that the line joining a point of
inflection to the node, the two tangents at the node, and the harmonic
polar of the point of inflection, form a harmonic pencil. There are
three such lines, one to each node, and three harmonic polars; these
form a pencil in involution, the tangents at the node being the foci.
Since the asymptote is perpendicular to the axis, we have by projection
the following theorem:—through a point of inflection I, draw any line
cutting the cubic in B and C. Through P the point of intersection of
the harmonic polar and inflectional tangent of I, draw two lines to B
and C. The four lines meeting in P form a harmonic pencil. The point
of contact of the tangent from I to the cubic is on the harmonic polar
of I. Any two inflectional tangents meet on the harmonic polar of the
third point of inflection.
The locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the focus of a conic
on a tangent is the auxiliary circle. Inverting from the vertex, there
are two points, A and B, on the axis of the curve, such that if a
circle be drawn through one of them and the node, cutting at right
angles a tangent circle through the node, their point of intersection
will be on the tangent to the curve where it is cut by the axis.
Projecting:—through a point of inflection I of a nodal cubic draw a
line cutting the cubic in P and Q; there are two determinate points
on the harmonic polar of I, which have the following property:—draw a
conic through P, Q, and the node touching the cubic; draw another conic
through one of these points, P, Q, and the node cutting the former, so
that their tangents at their point of intersection, together with the
lines from it to P and Q form a harmonic pencil; the locus of such a
point of intersection is the tangent from I to the cubic.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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