The Kashf al-mahjúb: The oldest Persian treatise on SúfiismHujviri, ‘Ali ibn ‘Usman
Islamic
The Kashf al-mahjúb: The oldest Persian treatise on Súfiism
Hujviri, ‘Ali ibn ‘Usman
Sufism -- Early works to 1800
It is not the way of the Ṣúfís to abandon their customs. If they seldom
wear garments of wool at the present day, there are two reasons for this
fact: (1) that wools have deteriorated (_pashmhá shúrída shuda ast_) and
the animals (which produce wool) have been carried off from one place to
another by raiders; and (2) that a sect of heretics has adopted the
woollen garment as a badge (_shi`ár_). And it is praiseworthy to depart
from the badge of heretics, even although one departs at the same time
from a traditional practice (_sunna_).
To take pains (_takalluf_) in sewing _muraqqa`as_ is considered
allowable by the Ṣúfís because they have gained a high reputation among
the people; and since many imitate them and wear _muraqqa`as_, and are
guilty of improper acts, and since the Ṣúfís dislike the society of
others than themselves—for these reasons they have invented a garb which
none but themselves can sew, and have made it a mark of mutual
acquaintance and a badge. So much so that when a certain dervish came to
one of the Shaykhs wearing a garment on which the patch had been sewn
with too wide stitches (_khaṭṭ ba-pahná áwarda búd_) the Shaykh banished
him from his presence. The argument is that purity (_ṣafá_) is founded
on delicacy of nature and fineness of temperament, and undoubtedly
crookedness in one’s nature is not good. It is natural to disapprove of
incorrect actions, just as it is natural to derive no pleasure from
incorrect poetry.
Others, again, do not trouble themselves about clothes at all. They wear
either a religious habit (_`abá_) or an ordinary coat (_qabá_),
whichever God may have given them; and if He keeps them naked, they
remain in that state. I, who am `Alí b. `Uthmán al-Jullábí, approve of
this doctrine, and I have practised it in my journeys. It is related
that Aḥmad b. Khaḍrúya wore a coat when he visited Abú Yazíd, and that
Sháh b. Shujá` wore a coat when he visited Abú Ḥafṣ. This was not their
usual dress, for sometimes they wore a _muraqqa`a_ and sometimes a
woollen garment or a white shirt, as it might happen. The human soul is
habituated to things, and fond of custom, and when anything has become
habitual to the soul it soon grows natural, and when it has grown
natural it becomes a veil. Hence the Apostle said: _Khayr al-ṣiyám ṣawm
akhí Dáwud `alayhi ´l-salám_, “The best of fasts is that of my brother
David.” They said: “O Apostle of God, what kind of fast is that?” He
replied: “David used to keep his fast one day and break it on the next
day,” in order that his soul should not become accustomed either to
keeping the fast or to breaking it, for fear that he might be veiled
thereby. And, as regards this matter, Abú Ḥámid Dústán[46] of Merv was
the most sound. His disciples used to put a garment on him, but those
who wanted it used to seek him out when he was at leisure and alone, and
divest him of it; and he would never say to the person who put it on
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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