I have only here insisted on the Dacian and Roman occupation of Transylvania, because one or other or both of these peoples are supposed to be the ancestors of the present Roumanian race. The Roumanians themselves like to think they are descended directly from the Romans; while Germans are fond of denying this origin, and maintain this people to have appeared in these regions at a much later period. According to the most reliable authorities, however, the truth would seem to lie between these two opposite statements, and the Roumanians to be the offspring of a cross-breed between the conqueror and the conquered—between Romans and Dacians. After the Roman evacuation the country changed hands oftener than can be recorded, and the rolling waves of the _Völkerwanderung_ passed over the land, each nation leaving its impress more or less upon the surface, till finally the Magyars began to gain something of a permanent hold, towards the eleventh century. This hold, however, was anything but a firm one, for the Hungarian king had alike outward enemies and inward traitors to guard against, and was in continual fear lest some affectionate relation should rob him of one of his crown-jewels. To add to this, the province of Transylvania was but thinly peopled, and ill qualified to resist attacks from without. In view, therefore, of all these circumstances, King Geisa II. bethought himself of inviting Germans to come and establish colonies in this scantily peopled land, promising them certain privileges in return for the services he expected. Hungarian heralds began, consequently, to appear in German towns, proclaiming aloud in street and on market-place the words of their royal master. Their voices found a ready echo among the people, for this promised land was not absolutely unknown to the German yeomen, who many of them had passed through it on their way to and from the Crusades; besides, this was the time when feudal rights weighed most oppressively on unfortunate vassals, and no doubt many were glad to purchase freedom even at the price of expatriation. As a German poet sings: “When castles crowned each craggy height Along the banks of Rhine, And ’neath the mailèd warriors’ might Did simple burghers pine; “When bowed the common herd of men, Serfs to a lord’s commanding, The holy Roman Empire then For free men had no standing. “Then off broke many and away, Another country questing; ‘We’ll found another home,’ said they— ‘A house on freedom resting. “‘Hungarian forests, wild and free, Are refuge for us keeping; From home and home’s dear ties will we Emancipate us, weeping.’” Or in the words of another: “We’ll ride away to the east, Away to the east we go— O’er meadows away, O’er meadows so gay; It will be better so.