The _Turca_, or _Brezaia_, also belongs to the same category as the _Kolinda_, but is of a somewhat more boisterous character, and is performed by young men, who, all following a leader grotesquely attired in a long cloak and mask (oftenest representing the long beak of a stork, or a bull’s head, hence the name), go about the villages night and day as long as the Christmas festivities last, pursuing the girls and terrifying the children. A certain amount of odium is attached to the personification of the Turca himself, and the man who has acted this part is regarded as unclean or bewitched by the devil during a period of six weeks, and may not enter a church nor approach a sacrament till this time has elapsed. In the Bukowina the Turca, or _Tur_, goes by the name of the _Capra_, and is called _Cleampa_ in the east of Transylvania. 4. The _Cantece de Irogi_ is the name given to the text of many carnival games and dialogues in which _Rahula_ (Rachel) and her child, a shepherd, a Jew, a Roumanian popa, and the devil appear in somewhat unintelligible companionship. 5. The _Cantece de Stea_—songs of the star—are likewise sung at this period by children, who go about with a tinsel star at the end of a stick. 6. The _Plugul_—song of the plough—a set of verses sung on New-year’s Day by young men fantastically dressed up, and with manifold little bells attached to feet and legs. They proceed noisily through the streets of towns and villages, cracking long whips as though urging on a team of oxen at the plough. 7. The _Cantece de Paparuga_ are songs which are sung on the third Sunday after Easter, or in cases of prolonged drought. 8. The _Cantece de Nunta_ are the wedding songs, of which there are a great number. These are, however, rarely sung, but oftener recited. They take various forms, such as that of invitation, health-drinking, congratulations, etc. To these may be added the _Cantece de Cumetrie_ and the _Cantecul ursitelor_, which express rejoicings over a new-born infant. 9. The _Descantece_, or descantations, are very numerous. They consist in secret charms or spells expressed in rhyme, which, in order to be efficacious, must be imparted to children or grandchildren only when the parent is lying on his death-bed. These oftenest relate to illnesses of man or beast, to love or to life; and each separate contingency has its own set formula, which is thus transmitted from generation to generation. 10. The _Bocete_ are songs of mourning, usually sung over the corpse by paid mourners. On the principle that the character of a people is best demonstrated by its proverbs, a few specimens of those most current among Roumanians may be here quoted: “A man without enemies is of little value.” “It is easier to keep guard over a bush full of live hares than over one woman.” “A hen which cackles overnight lays no egg in the morning.” “A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend.”