[Illustration: BULGHAR MADÊN: APPROACHING THE TAURUS MOUNTAINS The village lies in the valley between the two ridges. _Frontispiece_ (_See p. 43._)] THE LAND OF THE HITTITES AN ACCOUNT OF RECENT EXPLORATIONS AND DISCOVERIES IN ASIA MINOR, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THE HITTITE MONUMENTS With Maps and Plans Ninety-nine Photographs and a Bibliography BY JOHN GARSTANG D.SC. B.LITT. M.A. RANKIN PROFESSOR OF THE METHODS AND PRACTICE OF ARCHÆOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL; FELLOW OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF LONDON HON. MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES, COPENHAGEN LONDON CONSTABLE AND COMPANY, LTD. 10 ORANGE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE, W.C. 1910 University of Liverpool [Illustration] Institute of Archæology TO MY WIFE INTRODUCTORY NOTE BY THE REV. PROFESSOR A. H. SAYCE, D.D., D.LITT., M.A. The history of ancient Oriental civilisation is slowly revealing itself to the excavator and archæologist. Scientific excavations have been carried on in Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, and Palestine; it is now the turn of Asia Minor, both north and south of the Taurus; and there are indications that the revelation which Asia Minor and the neighbouring lands of Syria have in store for us will be even more startling than that which has come from Egypt and Babylonia. There we already knew that great empires and wide-reaching cultures had once flourished; the earlier history of Asia Minor, on the other hand, was a blank. But the blank is beginning to be filled up, and we are learning that there too an empire once existed, which contended on equal terms with those of the Nile and the Euphrates, and possessed a culture that formed a link between the east and the west. What I once called the forgotten empire of the Hittites is at last emerging into the light of day, and before long much that is still mysterious in the art and religion of Greece and Europe will be explained.