718 B.C. Fall of Carchemish; Assyrian troops enter Asia Minor (p. 388). 712 B.C. Tabal (Taurus) conquered; 709, fall of Marash (p. 389). FOOTNOTES [1] We regard, however, the sculptures of Mount Sipylus (Pl. LIII.) and of Kara-Bel (Pl. LIV.) as witnesses to the possession of inland passes leading to the Lydian coast. [2] In particular the Lycians (Lukki), who appear among the Hittite allies in the time of Rameses II., and later with the sea-peoples in the reign of Merenptah. [3] There is no evidence to enable us to include the ‘Vannic’ monuments. Cf. Sayce’s _Herodotus_ (London, 1883), App. iv. p. 424 and below, pp. 54, 385; we exclude also as capable of other interpretation isolated discoveries of moveable monuments, like those at Kedabeg (Messerschmidt, _Corpus Inscrip. Hettiticarum, Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1900, Pt. v. No. 1.), at Babylon (_op. cit._, Nos. 3, 4, 5), and Nineveh (_ibid._, Pl. XXXIX. Nos. 2-9), etc. The inscribed stone reported as found near Erzerum, now in the museum at Constantinople, No. 1193, is of doubtful provenance (_op. cit._, 1906, Pt. v. pp. 7, 8). [4] These Hittite sites are shown on the map, to face p. 390. [5] Mr. Hogarth, writing in the _Recueil de Travaux_, xvii., records that during his journeyings up through the valley he never saw nor heard of any pre-Hellenic monuments on the north side of the river. [6] For these routes see Hogarth, _Recueil de Travaux_, XV. p. 29, and in Macan’s _Herodotus_ (1895), App. XIII. § 9; also Ramsay, _Historical Geography_, pp. 35, 46 ff. [7] For the modern condition and ancient importance of this region, see further: Layard, _Nineveh and Babylon_, p. 94; Peters, _Nippur_, i. p. 81; Maspero, _The Struggle of the Nations_ (London, 1896), pp. 144 and ff.; and _The Passing of Empires_ (1900), p. 35, with an illustration. [8] Here also the Euphrates is still our eastern boundary; for Tell-Ahmar, the scene of Mr. Hogarth’s recent discoveries (p. 129), though on the further side, is on the water’s edge; and the few monuments found further east, like the seal from Urfa (Messerschmidt, _op. cit._, _C.I.H._ 1900, Pl. XLI. No. 3), and the palace sculptures of Tell-Halaf (Von Oppenheim, _Der alte Orient_, 1908, Heft 1), which owe something to Hittite influence, are not definite enough to imply Hittite occupation. That the river separated the land of Mitanni from the Hatti is substantiated by the archives of Boghaz-Keui (Winckler, _Mitteilungen der D. Orient._-Ges. 1907, No. 35). On the relation of Mitanni to Hittite see below, pp. 58, note 1, 324, note 2. [9] Pronounced _Afreen_. [10] See Plates XXXV., XLIII. [11] We noticed this effect especially at Karadinek, August 1907.